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Jetting - EMAS method

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{{Language-box|english_link= Jetting - EMAS method | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | swahili_link=coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=水力噴射－EMAS方法 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }} [[Image:Icon_EMAS_drilling.png|right|80px]][[Image:Emas.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px|Drilling a well in Colombia with the EMAS method.]][[Image:Emas1.png|thumb|right|250px200px|All the equipment needed easily fits on a small hand-cart.]]__NOTOC__
The EMAS method of manual drilling is a hybrid between [[Jetting - general|Jetting]], [[Percussion - general|percussion]], and [[Sludging - Rota sludge|rotary]] drilling. A manually powered mud pump is used, and the drill stem is turned through 90 degrees at the end of each stroke. It permits to drill through all kinds of loose soils, as well as consolidated materials and light rock. It will not, however, penetrate hard original rock or boulders (e.g. ancient river beds underground). The usual diameter of the tube well is 37 mm.
EMAS is not only the name of the mobile school for water and sanitation, but also a whole technical and social concept of water and sanitation which includes rain water harvesting, solar water heaters, windpower, hydraulic rams, water treatment, small tanks and sinks, a variety of hand and foot pumps, and ferrocement tanks.
===Suitable conditions ===[[Image:Emas0.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px|Emas well drilling]]
Wells as deep as 90 meters can be drilled within 3-4 days without any machine employment and exclusively through the use of manual labor. Depths up to 100 m have been reached with the EMAS method. Most regions of South America (loam and sandy soils) are geologically suitable for this drilling method (predominantly rinsing or suction drilling).
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#ffdeadf0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
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| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.<br>
===Construction, operations and maintenance==[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|right|250px|Setting up the light-weight drill tower.]][[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|right|250px|Installing the lever, used to move the drill stem up and down.]]=
Soft Clay is the easiest to drill, is suitable conditions 40 meters can be drilled in this material in one single day. For every meter, between 10 and 20 litre of water is needed, inlcuding washing. For a 20 meter well, one or two barrels of water are enough.
No temporary casing is used. Upon reaching the desired depth, drilling fluid is removed from the hole by injecting progressively lower density mud. If unstable layers are present, however, this diluting can make the well collapse before it can be cased. In such cases it may be better to case the well with mud in it and evacuate the mud afterwards by pouring or injecting water into the casing (backwashing).
 
The complete rig can be built locally in about any arc-welding workshop, using only materials found in ordinary hardware stores.
[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|right|250px|Drilling in process: one person operates the lever, one person guides the drill stem and rotates it, the third person operates the mud pump.]]
[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|right|250px|The mud pump in close-up.]]
==Costs==
[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|right|250px|The well screen, slits cut with saw, end capped. Later, a sock is pulled around the screen.]]
[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|right|250px|After the well screen is put in the well, the well is developed by a special tool.]]
{|style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center; background-color: #efefef" align="center" width="70%"
|-
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|center|200px|Setting up the light-weight drill tower.]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|center|200px|Installing the lever, used to move the drill stem up and down.]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|center|200px|Drilling in process: one person operates the lever, one person guides the drill stem and rotates it, the third person operates the mud pump.]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|center|200px|Putting in an EMAS flexi-pump.]]
|-
|[[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|center|200px|Wetting the cement for the pump base.]]
|[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|center|200px|The mud pump in close-up.]]
|[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|center|200px|The well screen, slits cut with saw, end capped. Later, a sock is pulled around the screen.]]
|[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|center|200px|After the well screen is put in the well, the well is developed by a special tool.]]
|}
 
===Costs===
An EMAS drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Bolivia for about US$ 600 - 800. This includes the tower, mud pump and all essential non-common tools to operate and maintain it.
The average well depth in Bolivia is around 27 meters, and costs approx. US$ 180 including an [[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pump]]. This makes a surface covering supply of drinking water possible for municipalities and families in rural areas.
===Field experiences===
The EMAS method is mainly used in Bolivia, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Eritrea and Sri Lanka.
==Reference manuals=Manuals, videos, and links===[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|right|250px|Putting in an EMAS flexi-pump.]][[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|right|250px|Wetting the cement for the pump base.]]* EMAS have has produced a set of DVDs which cover, among others , EMAS drilling and other low cost water supply techniques. [http://emas.blip.tv The movies are available here]. Contact Wolfgang Buchner on in Bolivia at [email protected] or emas@ceibo.entelnet.bo if you would like to order a copy of the movies on DVD. EMAS manual well drilling is a method for drilling small-diameter tube wells by hand. The drilling method is a hybrid between washboring, percussion and rotary drilling. It permits to drill through all kinds of loose soils, as well as consolidated materials and light rock. It will not, however, penetrate hard original rock or boulders (e.g. ancient river beds underground). The usual diameter of the tube well is 37 mm. Movies made by Wolfgang Buchner. * Collection of [https://vimeo.com/emas EMAS movies] on different EMAS subjects.
* [http{|style="font-size:120%"|-|{{#ev:youtube|B9zXHIrsdiw|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - standard <br>EMAS method - part 1<//blip.tv/file/2445011 Standard EMAS well center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|T8SivxJ8LWg|200|auto|<center>Well drilling, by Wolfgang Buchner]* [Required materials for - standard <br>EMAS well drilling]method - part 2</center>}}* [http|{{#ev://blip.tv/file/2445078 youtube|mPz4WxQ245c|200|auto|<center>Suction variant to standard EMAS method]- part 1</center>}}* [http|-|{{#ev:youtube|qHwReBdKkr8|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 1<//blip.tv/file/2445179 Sluding center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|EIjSb7-z5fU|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing]- part 2</center>}}* [http|{{#ev:youtube|EmB9EFFNKc0|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 3<//emas.blip.tv/ Large collection of EMAS movies on different subjects.]center>}}|}
====Other resources====
* The Technology Demonstration Center EMAS works with EMAS Jetting. See [[Technology Demonstration Centers]]
* EMAS - [http://www.emas-international.de/english/index_eindex.htm Website of php?id=51&L=3 EMAS ] on EMAS well drilling]. * Article on [http://wwwpaulcloesen.rwsn50webs.ch/documentationcom/skatdocumentation.2008-05In-28EN.6936214484 htm EMAS drilling by Paul Cloesen].* Rural Water Supply Network, [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005rural-10water-25supply.9856177177net/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116en/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822implementation/prarticle.2009manual-05-11.3051371225drilling/prarticle.2009emas-05-11.7567765725/prarticle_view drilling article on EMAS drilling]. General [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822/prarticle.2009-05-11.3051371225 manual drilling section of RWSN website].
*[[Solution_of_the_week_10|Akvo solution of the week 10]]
*[[Solution_of_the_week_11|Akvo solution of the week 11]]
===Acknowledgements===* This article is based on an [http://www.rwsnpaulcloesen.50webs.chcom/documentation/skatdocumentation.2008In-05-28EN.6936214484 htm article] by [http://geocitieswww.paulcloesen.50webs.com/paulcloesen/ Paul Cloesen], and on material from [http://www.emas-international.de/english/index_e.htm wwwindex.php?id=51&L=3 emas-international.de]
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