Changes

<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Fish Pond|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Acuacultura|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

sys2=|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys6=|

Output1= Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

'''Aquaculture refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; this technology sheet refers exclusively to the raising of fish while the following page on [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|Floating Macrophytes]] addresses the cultivation of plants. Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feedingThe fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.'''

* Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with effluent;* fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludge;and* fish grown directly in [[Aerated Pond|aerobic ponds]] (T.5 or T.6).

* Fertilization Fish introduced into aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and [[Floating Plant Pond|floating plants]] (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operatingconditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish ponds with effluent; can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs andchickens.

* Fish grown directly in aerobic ponds===Design Considerations=== The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge , it is important to limit the additions such so that aerobic conditions are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1g1 g/m2/m2d d and oxygen should be at least 4mg4 mg/L. Fish introduced to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control mosquito populations. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditions, up to 10,000kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens.

- Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating costs should be offset by production revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked. <br> - Requires abundance of fresh water. freshwater <br> - Requires a large land (pond) area. <br> - May require expert design and installation.<br>- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas

==Adequacy== A fish pond is only appropriate when there is a sufficient amount of land (or preexisting pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water that is used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonia levels should be kept low or negligible. Only fish that are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successful, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitability. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern with about contamination of the fish, especially during the harvestingwhen they are harvested, cleaning cleaned and preparation of the fishprepared. If it is they are cooked well it , they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. ==Maintenance== The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged consulted for detailed information and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pondspecific guidance. 

==References=Operation & Maintenance=== The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.

===References===* Elizabeth Tilley etCross, P. and Strauss, M.al (20081985). [httphttps://www.eawagircwash.ch/organisation/abteilungenorg/sandecsites/publikationendefault/publications_sespfiles/downloads_sesp/compendium_high352.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low0-86HE-6547.pdf low res version]). Department Health Aspects of Water Nightsoil and Sanitation Sludge Use in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ SandecAgriculture and Aquaculture]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsInternational Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH.)

* CointreauEdwards, P. and Pullin, R. S., et alV. (Eds. ) (19871990). Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture with treated wastewater. Proceedings: a status report International Seminar on studies conducted in LimaWastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Perú. Technical Note 3. UNDP/World BankCalcutta, Washington D.C. USA. 1987IN.(Book compilation of topical papers)

* CrossIqbal, P. and Strauss, MS. (19851999). Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and -publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. International Reference Centre Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Waste DisposalCombined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, SwitzerlandCH.

* EdwardsJohnson Cointreau, P. and Pullin, RSVS. (eds) (19901987). Wastewater[https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/351.1-Fed 4910.pdf Aquaculture. Proceedingswith Treated Wastewater: International Seminar A Status Report on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for AquacultureStudies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project]. The World Bank, Washington, CalcuttaD.C., IndiaUS. 1987. (Compilation of topical papers)

* Iqbal, S. Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). Duckweed [https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/aquaculture/en/ Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture-Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. WHO Technical Report Series 883. SandecWorld Health Organization, DübendorfGeneva, SwitzerlandCH.

* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group Mara, D. D. (19992003). Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture[https://www. World Health Organization Technical Report Series Nopseau. 883. Available: http:org/outils/ouvrages/wwwearthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries]. Earthscan, London, UK. pp.who253-261.int

* MaraRose, DDG. D. (20041999). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2997 Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countriesand Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture]. EarthscanInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC), London. pp 253–261Ottawa, CA.

* Polprasert, C., et al. WHO (20012006). Wastewater Treatment II, Natural Systems for Wastewater Management. Lecture Notes. IHE, Delft. Available: http[https://www.who.int (Chapter 8 - /water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture and Reuse Aspects)]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.

* Rose, GD[http://www. (1999)who. Communityint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: options for urban agriculture. IDRC Ottawa. Available: http:-health/en/idrinfo.idrc.caWHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]

* Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. (1993). Duckweed aquaculture===Acknowledgements==={{: A new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08875.htm (Comprehensive manual)Acknowledgements Sanitation}}