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Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Rooftop rainwater harvesting

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{{Language-box|english_link=Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Rooftop rainwater harvesting | french_link=Collecte des eaux de pluie des toits |spanish_link=Captación de Agua de Lluvia / Captación de agua de lluvia en techos | hindi_link=वाटर पोर्टल / वर्षाजल संचयन / छत वर्षाजल संचयन |malayalam_link=മേല്‍ക്കൂരയില്‍ നിന്നും മഴവെള്ള സംഭരണം|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=지붕 빗물 수집 | chinese_link=屋顶雨水收集 | indonesian_link=Pemanenan air hujan dengan teknik atap bangunan |japanese_link=屋上雨水貯留}}

 

[[Image:Rainwater_harvesting_icon.png|right|100px|]]

__NOTOC__ <small-title />[[Image:roof rain rooftop rainwater capture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A rainwater capture system from a small household. Photo: [http://www.jalvardhini.org/storage-01.php Jalvardhini Pratishthan.]]]

Rainwater harvesting refers to structures like homes or schools, which catch rainwater and store it in underground or above-ground tanks for later use. One way to collect water is rooftop rainwater harvesting, where any suitable roof surface — tiles, metal sheets, plastics, but not grass or palm leaf — can be used to intercept the flow of rainwater in combination with gutters and downpipes (made from wood, bamboo, galvanized iron, or PVC) to provide a household with high-quality drinking water. A rooftop rainwater harvesting system might be a 500 cubic meter underground storage tank, serving a whole community, or it might be just a bucket, standing underneath a roof without a gutter. Rainwater harvesting systems have been used since antiquity, and examples abound in all the great civilizations throughout history.

The flow of water can be intercepted in different ways. Different catchment types are used, such as roof catchment, paved surface catchment, surface catchment and riverbed catchment. The cheapest storage of all is to use the ground as storage area, a technique called groundwater recharge. It is accomplished by letting rainwater infiltrate in the ground. The recharge will locally lead to a higher water table, from which water can be pumped up when needed. Whether the infiltrated water raises the water table in a local area or is spread across a wider area depends on soil conditions.

If using storage tanks, structures made with ferrocement or brick-cement are the best and cheapest options, and they can be made locally. When a water tank is below ground, it is called a cistern. Among the different storage types are the [[underground tank]], [[ferro-cement Classical ferrocement tank | ferrocement tank]], [[plastic-lined tank]], etc. The size of the tank is a compromise between cost, the volume of water used, the length of the dry season, etc. It is advisable to first construct a small tank before attempting a large one. Storage tanks can additionally be filled up using pumps. Several pump systems can be used to lift the water from underground tanks, for example with a [[rope pump]] or with a [[deep well pump]], which can elevate water up to a height of 30 m.

====Keeping the water clean====

====The EMAS filtration system ====

[[Image:rainwater capture2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Two houses are connected to a rainwater capture unit, then a spout provided from the tank. Photo: [http://ispafrica.org/gallery-water.html Insieme Si Puo' in Africa]]]

The EMAS system for rainfall collection uses various EMAS technologies as well as simple tools to convert rainwater into usable drinking water. If roof rainwater is being used, it is collected through a regular gutter. To filter the water, at the bottom of the gutter, a pitcher or ferrocement tank is placed, with an outlet pipe. A synthetic cloth bag is attached to the rim of the pitcher using an iron ring or wire, which fits around the edge. The bag should be cleaned every 3 months.

As water begins to collect, to avoid too much garbage collecting here, first some amount of water is deflected, along with most of the garbage. Hereafter, water can be directly sent to an [[EMAS Cisterncistern]]. It is advisable for multiple cisterns to be available for storage, depending on the size of the roof. Connect one cistern at a time to the outlet pipe. From here water can be pumped and distributed using a regular EMAS pump. The pump can also be connected to faucets and tanks around the house.

====Maintenance====

* A low-cost option is the [[brick cement tank]], used in for example Nicaragua and Ghana.

====Akvo RSR projects====The following projects utilize rooftop rainwater harvesting.<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 70100%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"|- style="vertical-align: top" |[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr 439/]]|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 790.jpg|thumb|nonecenter|200px140px|<font size="2"><center>Project 439</center></font>|link=[http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/rsren/project/439790/RSR Project 790]]<br>WaSH program in <br>Rural Bangladesh</center></font>|'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [link=http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/rsren/project/439790/ Wetland Management & Water Harvesting]JESE in partnership with RAIN and Wetlands International will research and up-scale the integration of wetland management, rain water harvesting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the Rwenzori region. To achieve this a pilot project is set up, located in the transboundary resource Rwambu catchment covering the districts of Kamwenge and Ibanda. In 2011, this project focused on an in-depth assessment of the Rwambu catchment to start the planning of an action-research and implementation for 2013 - 2015.|}  {|style="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;" ] |[[Image:rsr project 440.jpg|thumb|nonecenter|200px140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/en/project/440/ RSR Project 440]<br>Raising awareness on rainwater harvesting</center></font>|link=http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/rsren/project/440/]]|'''Akvo RSR Project[[Image:''' rainwater harvesting for green schools.jpg|thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/rsren/project/4402618/ Raising awareness on rainwater harvestingRSR Project 2618]Uganda still has a lot to do in order to meet the MDG on water and sanitation. <br>Rainwater harvesting is a viable option for the provision of clean water but has been greatly down-played by the ministry of water and development actors. Uganda Rainwater Association has been advocating for its promotion and RAIN Foundation came in to support URWA in these activities.Green Schools Initiative</center></font>|}  {| stylelink="widthhttp: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;"//rsr.akvo.org/en/project/2618/ ]] |[[Image:rsr project 107.jpg|thumb|nonecenter|200px140px|<font size="2"><center>Project 107</center></font>|link=[http://rsr.akvo.org/en/project/107/RSR Project 107]]<br>Rainwater harvesting in Guinee Bissau</center></font>|'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [link=http://rsr.akvo.org/en/project/107/ Rainwater harvesting in Guinee Bissau]The project will take place in Tombali in southern Guinee-Bissau. The aim is to build 50 domestic rainwater harvesting tanks of 5000 l each and to train 10 masons. This is a part of our overall program in 2009 making 170 tanks and training 35 masons in constructing and maintaining watertanks and latrines.50 tanks will serve 50 households of 16 members each during the dry season March, April, May and June. The result will reduce the burden of women, carry water over a distance of 2 - 4 km daily.]

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===Manuals, videos, and links===

 

====Manuals====

* Download the book [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/pageresources/37471 roofwater-harvesting-handbook-practitioners "Roofwater Harvesting: A Handbook for Practitioners"] from the IRC website.

* Booklet [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/169828 Smart Water Harvesting Solutions]

* [http://www.nwp.nl/_docs/Smart-solutions-3R.spread.pdf Smart 3R Solutions]

====Videos====

{{#ev:youtube|sHppepLP-pk|200|left|<center><font size="3">Rainsong video</font></center>}}

{|style="border: 1px solid #fofofo; font-size: 125%"

====External links====

* [http://www.rainfoundation.org Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network (RAIN)]

* [http://practicalaction.org/energy/waterrainwater-andharvesting-sanitation/rainwater_harvesting 8 Rainwater Harvesting information on Practical Action]

* [http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org Indian website on rainwater harvesting ]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting Wikipedia article on rainwater harvesting]

* [http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/dtu/rwh Rainwater Harvesting info on the DTU unit of University of Warwick]

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100112111544/http://www.unep.org:80/depi/rainwater / Rainwater Partnership ]* [http://wwwcseindia.org/content/catch-water-where-it-falls-toolkit-urban-rainwater-toolkit.net/ harvesting Catch Water Where It Falls - Toolkit on Urban Rainwater ToolkitHarvesting]

* [[Solution_of_the_week_5|Akvo solution of the week 5]]

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