Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor
697
edits
Changes
→References
{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Urinal|french_link=Urinoir|spanish_link=Urinario|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, and input-output tables. --br><br>{|width="100%"|style="width:25%;"|{{santable_shortsantable_short_new|
sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys2=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys3=|
sys4=|
sys5=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
sys9=|
pic=Urinal1.png|
Input1=Urine|Input2=Flushwater |Input3=| Input4= |Input5=|
Output1=Urine| Output2=Flushwater | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
|[[Image:Urinal1.png |right|500px]]
|}
<br>[[Image:Icon_urinal.png|right|80px]] '''A urinal is only used for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although models for women have also been developed. Most urinals use water for flushing, but waterless urinals are becoming increasingly popular.''' Urinals for women consist of raised foot-steps and a sloped channel or catchment area for conducting that conducts the urine to a collection technology. For men, Urinals urinals can be either be vertical wall-mounted units that are vertical, or squat slabs that over which the user squats over. Most Urinals use The urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for flushingcleaning and limiting odours (with a water-seal). ===Design Considerations=== For water-based urinals, but the water use per flush ranges from less than 2 L in current designs to almost 20 L of flushwater in outdated models. Water-saving or waterless technologies should be favoured. To minimize odours and nitrogen loss in simple waterless urinal designs, the collection pipe should be submerged in the urine tank to provide a basic liquid seal. Waterless urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities. Some urinals come equipped with anodour seal that may have a mechanical closure, a membrane, or a sealing liquid. Water-based Urinals are becoming increasingly popularuse 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater. By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drain, the amount of spraying or splashing can be reduced;this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Because the urinal is exclusively forurine it is important to also provide a toilet to be used for faeces.
{{procontable | pro=
- Does not require a constant source of water <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Low capital and operating costs <br>- reuse of nutrients is possible| con=- No real problems with Can lead to unpleasant odours if when used and or maintained correctlyincorrectly}} ===Appropriateness===[[Image:Waterless_urinal.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Waterless urinal |Waterless urinal]], in Ethiopia (click photo for credits)]] Urinals can be used in homes as well as within public facilities. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g., UDDT, U.2). Portable waterless urinals have been developed for use at large gatherings, to improve the sanitation facilities and reduce the point load of wastewater discharged at the site. In this way, a large volume of urine can be collected (and either used or discharged at a more appropriate location or time) and the remaining toilets can be reduced in number or used more efficiently. Urinals are appropriate for every climate. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance===The Urinal is a comfortable and easily accepted User Interface. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g. [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|UDDT]]). Although simple in construction and design, urinals can have a large impact on the well-being of a community. When men have access to a urinal, they may urinate less often in public, which reduces unwanted odours and makes women feel more comfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviour.
==Adequacy=Operation & Maintenance=== Maintenance is simple, but should be done frequently, especially for waterless urinals. All of the surfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and wall) to prevent odours and to minimize the formation of stains.
For waterless urinals, it is critical to regularly check the functioning of the odour seal.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance=Manuals, videos, and links ===The `Eco-Lily' from Ethiopia is made out of a common liquid container with a used light bulb acting as a floating `odour-lock' to reduce smells. The `Eco-Lily' is a device to be used as urinal both by men and women. SUDEA's experiences have showed that men can use it without any explanation while women often need some information on how to use it because of their biological difference.
* General information about Waterless urinals [http://www.schoolsanitation.org www.schoolsanitation.org ] [http://www.ircwash.org IRC ]
* Mexico [http://www.laneta.apc.org/esac www.laneta.apc.org/esac ]
* South Africa [http://www.csir.co.za www.csir.co.za ]
* Ethiopia [email protected]
<br>
===References===* Elizabeth Tilley etAustin, A. and Duncker, L.al (20082002). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_highUrine-Diversion.pdf Compendium of Ecological Sanitation Systems and Technologies] in South Africa ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]book). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandecCSIR, Pretoria, ZA.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides Directions for making a simple urinal using a full overview of sanitation systems.5 L plastic container)
* Austinvon Münch, AE. and DunckerDahm, LP. (20022009). [https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Waterless_urinals_a_proposal_to_save_water_and_recover_urine_nutrients_in_Africa/9585524 Waterless Urinals: A Proposal to Save Water and Recover Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems Nutrients in South Africa]. CSIR34th WEDC International Conference. Addis Ababa, Pretoria, South Africa. (Directions for making a simple Urinal using a 5L plastic containerET.)
* CREPA (2008)von Münch, E. Promotion de latrines ECOSAN à la 20è édition du FESPACO: Ecosan Info Noand Winker, M. 8. Centre Régional pour l'Eau Potable et l'Assainissement à faible coût (CREPA2011), Burkina Faso. Available: [http://www.reseaucrepasusana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
* GTZ NWP (19992006). Technical data sheets for ecosan components[https: Waterless Urinals//www. GTZ, Germanyircwash. Available: http:org/resources/wwwsmart-sanitation-solutions-examples-innovative-low-cost-technologies-toilets-collection Smart Sanitation Solutions.gtzExamples of Innovative, Low-Cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products].de (Information about specialized urinalsNetherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, which include stench traps and other specialized featuresNL.)