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Sludging - Asian sludge

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{{stubLanguage-box|english_link= Sludging - Asian sludge | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | swahili_link=coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=除泥-亚洲除泥法 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }} [[Image:Treadle_pump_iconIcon_sludge.png|right|80px]][[Image:Cross section of an Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px| Cross section of an Asian sludge]][[Image:Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px|Asian sludge]][[Image:Asian sludge in action.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px| Asian sludge in action]]__NOTOC__
Sludging is a manual drilling technique in which water is circulated to bring the cuttings to the surface. The drill pipes are moved up and down. On the down stroke, the impact of the drill bit loosens the soil and on the up stroke, the top of the pipe is closed by hand (or a valve), drawing up the water through the pipe and transporting the cuttings to the surface. On the next down stroke, the hand (or valve) opens the top of the pipe and the water squirts into a pit, in front of the well. In this pit, the cuttings separate from the water and settle out, while the water overflows from the pit back into the well.
The borehole stays open by water pressure. Thickeners such as clay, bentonite or even cow dung are usually added to the water in order to prevent hole collapse and reduce loss of working water (drill fluid).
===Suitable conditions ===
Suitable for unconsolidated formations: Sand, silt and clay. If rotated (including a drill bit) it may be possible to penetrate softer-consolidated formations such as stiff clays, soft sandstone, and weathered laterite.
Sludging (with or without rotation) can be used up to depths of about 35 meters.
 {{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Easy to handle and a temporary casing is normally not needed. It is possible to construct the drilling equipment locally.<br>
- Faster as augering or percussion, as the drilling pipe can be easily extended during the drilling process, and does not need to be removed from the borehole during the process.
| convalign= "top" | - The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing, fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>}|}
[[File: Drilling Method Selection.jpg]] ===Construction, operations and maintenance===
Equipment is very cheap and can be produced locally.
==Costs== ==Field experiences===
Mainly used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Chad.
==Reference manuals=Manuals, videos, and links===* [http://wwwec.practicafoundationeuropa.nleu/wp-contentecho/files/evaluation/watsan2005/uploadsannex_files/PDFPRACTICA/PracticaPRACT2%20drilling20-%20Rs20Rota-sludge%20versie20and%201th20stone%20september20hammer%200520drilling.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part one: Drilling Manual] by Practica Foundation. [http://www.practicafoundationsswm.nlinfo/sites/wp-contentdefault/uploadsfiles/PDFreference_attachments/practica-production-rs-versie-1th-september-051HERWIJNEN%202005%20Rota%20Sludge%20and%20Stone%20Hammer%20Drilling%20Part%20two%20Production%20Manual.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part two: Production Manual] by Practica Foundation.
* Drilling & well construction reference manual, Lifewater Canada, update 2004. Internet manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. [http://www.lifewater.ca/download/Lifewater_Drilling_Manual_2004.pdf Download manual]. Other information can be found on the [http://www.lifewater.ca/ Website of Livewater].
* Self-help wellsKOEGEL, R.G. Koegel(1985) Self Help Wells, FAO 1985. Internet manual on hydrogeologyIrrigation and Drainage Paper, well constructionsFAO, all drilling techniques Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398- X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00X5567E00.HTM websitehtm html version].
* Human-Powered Drilling Technologies, Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005 - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies - [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/en/documentationimplementation/skatdocumentation.2005manual-11drilling/174-15.5533687184/file Downloadsludging Rural Water Supply Network article on Hand Sludging].
* Rural Water Supply Network CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human- Useful network and website powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for information domestic and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005rural-10water-26supply.7220595116net/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822en/prarticle.2009-05-11.3051371225 Hand drilled techniques]. General [http:resources/details/www.rwsn.ch website402 Download].
* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, SKAT Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.skat.ch/publications/prarticle.2005rural-09water-29supply.5069774463net/prarticle.2006-11-02.5180575226en/resources/skatpublication.2006-11-02.0404244520details/file 148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. [httphttps://www.wateraiddropbox.orgcom/documentss/plugin_documentsdc2lhxx7p657i2v/technology_notes_2008WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf ?dl=0 Download]. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - [http://www.paulsawyersnavybmr.com/pdfsstudy%20material/14080a/FM_5_48414080A_ch9.pdf Download].
=== Acknowledgements===* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundationpractica.nl/ org Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/prarticle.2005en/implementation/manual-10-25drilling manual drilling section].9856177177* [http:/prarticle/www.lboro.2005ac.uk/well/resources/technical-10briefs/43-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005simple-11drilling-15methods.6127855822 manual pdf 43. Simple drilling sectionmethods.]WEDC.
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