* NGOs fill existing gaps in WASH services to marginal and isolated communities with funds from (inter)national donors. By taking this implementing role, they are taking away the responsibility of other actors to ensure the provision of WASH services. They lack at times the required technical expertise.
* The institutional framework in terms of policies, procedures, standards, roles and responsibilities is relatively transparent for drinking water, but lacks for sanitation and hygiene. In those latter cases the distribution of tasks and responsibilities between different Ministries (Health, Water, and Environment) at different levels remains unclear. A related problem is that the process of [[Decentralisation|decentralization]], though an interesting opportunity for greater participation of communities, is taking place without transfer of the necessary financial means and technical capacities to local levels.
* The private sector is too limited to urban areas. The local market is not functioning in an optimal way to encourage business investment and operation to invest in and develop relevant WASH services, especially for marginal and isolated communities.
* Communities, especially women and marginalised groups, have long been regarded as vulnerable and weak, as victims of injustice. Too little attention has been paid to their capacities and strong points. The experiences with the provision of free services have not led to sustained services in the long run.
# The interests of the different stakeholders in the WASH chain are structurally incorporated and met.
# Activities must be in accordance with local policies, laws and regulations. If not this must be solved through improved cooperation and coordination in line with sustainability criteria.
# [[Transparency & Accountability|Transparency and accountability ]] of planning and the use of budget and results must be met by all stakeholders involved (e.g. by the use of innovative ICT applications).
# Training/capacity building of a.o., the local private sector, must be structurally embedded in order to ensure sustainability of the service/product.
* IRC / Triple-S: [http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/ Water services that last]
* Dutch Water Alliance – [http://www.washalliance.nl/fiets-strategy/i/ Institutional Sustainability]
* IRC – [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/pagenews/37842 capacity-support-local-government Capacity Support to Local Governance]
* WaterAid – [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what-we-do/the-crisis/governance Governance]