[[Image:pump altitude.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Example: a treadle pump is promoted as capable of lifting water from 23 ft. at sea level, the graph indicates that at 8000 ft elevation a loss of 8.8 ft. of suction capacity will result. The pump used at this elevation is now capable of lifting water from 14 ft. Chart: [http://www.pacificliquid.com/ Pacific Liquid & Air Systems.]]]
Many different kinds of handpumps are frequently installed on hand-dug wells and boreholes in rural areas, including many drought-prone areas. They facilitate a contamination-free method to extract water. Most pumps are positive displacement pumps and have reciprocating pistons or plungers. There are suction pumps, low lift pumps, direct action pumps, intermediate life pumps, and high lift pumps. For details on these types, look them up in [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/sustainable_technologies/technology_notes/244.asp Technology notes: Handpumps] (by WaterAid).
Household-level ====Reciprocating handpumps, like the [[Rope pump]] or ====The majority of handpump types used worldwide belong to the [[Canzee pump]], are relatively cheap options for households to abstract water from a depth group of more than 7 mreciprocating pumps. The rope pump uses washers on water is lifted by a piston that is raised and lowered inside a rope cylinder that lift up the water through has a rising mainfootvalve. The rope piston (or plunger) is transported down into the well using moved by a pump rod connected directly to a T-handle or a rotating wheel lever handle at the surfacepump head. When turning In some pump types, a flywheel with crankshaft is used to create the reciprocating movement of the wheel, piston. Included in the pump operator lifts group of reciprocating handpumps are:<br> a) suction pumps<br>b) direct action pumps<br>c) lever action pumps<br> The function of the washers and with them reciprocating pumps is based on the principle that water flows from the wellareas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The structure is completed with reciprocating pump creates an apron around area of sufficiently low pressure above the pumpbody of water, a pump supporting constructioncausing it to flow upward. '''Suction pumps'''<br> Most of the many locally produced suction pumps are family pumps. Unlike community pumps, most family pumps are not standardized. Their design and an outlet through which functioning is largely dependent on the water flows into a bucket or canmaterials that are locally available and on user preference. A Examples of suction pumps include: the [[Canzee No. 6 pump]] has two PVC tubes (with differring diameters) are used - one inside , the other - with non-returning valves on [[Rope pump]], the bottom side. When lowering [[Jibon pump]], the inside tube[[Rower pump]], the water enters in from the outside tube. When lifting the inside tube[[Treadle pump]], its bottom valve closes and the water is lifted from the well. At the same time[[Super MoneyMaker pump]], the bottom valve of the outer tube opens and water flows into the [[MoneyMaker hip pump. When the inside tube is lowered again, the process is repeated]].
===='''Direct Action handpump===='''<br>
[[Image:DirectActionHandpump.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Direct action handpump mechanics. Drawing: WHO.]]
There are many different types of handpumps. However most of them are positive displacement pumps and have reciprocating pistons or plungers. There are suction pumps, low lift pumps, direct action pumps, intermediate life pumps, and high lift pumps. For details on these types, look them up in [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/sustainable_technologies/technology_notes/244.asp Technology notes: Handpumps] (by WaterAid).
Direct action handpumps, for example, are usually made of PVC and other plastics, and are installed on boreholes of limited depth. A plunger is attached to the lower end of a pump rod, beneath the groundwater level. The user moves the pump rod in an up-and-down motion, using a T-bar handle. On the up-stroke, the plunger lifts water into the rising main, and replacement water is drawn into the cylinder through the foot valve. On the down- strokedownstroke, the foot valve closes, and water passes through a one-way valve in the plunger and is lifted on the next upstroke.
Because direct action handpumps have no mechanical advantage, such as the lever or fly-wheel of a deep-well handpump, direct action pumps can only be used to depths from which an individual can ''physically lift '' the column of water (about 12 m). However, the mechanical simplicity, low cost and lightweight construction makes these pumps well equipped to meet O&M objectives at the village level.
The pump is operated by moving a handle up and down. As the plunger is located underwater, no priming is needed. Adults, and even children, can pump the water, although if the water table is below further than 5 mdeep, this may be difficult for children. The pump stand and site must be kept clean.
Direct action handpump:
* Yield: 0.25–0.42 litres/s at 12 m depth.
* Area of use: Rural and low-income periurban areas, where groundwater tables are within 12m of the surface.
Examples of the Direct Action handpump: [[Tara pump]], [[Malda pump]], [[Nira AF-85 pump]], [[Canzee pump]], [[EMAS pump]], and the [[PVC pump]] has a direct action version.
====Rotary handpumps====
The most commonly used rotary handpumps are the [[rope pump]] and the progressive cavity pump. Note that although some reciprocating pumps use a circular action mechanism to drive the pistons, they are not categorized as rotary.
====Diaphragm pumps====
Diaphragm pumps are pumps employing a flexible diaphragm that is expanded and contracted to displace water. The advantages of diaphragm pumps are that they are easy to install, because no heavy mechanical parts are used. They can also be made corrosion-resistant through the use of plastic
hoses instead of metallic rising mains.
The disadvantages are that diaphragm pumps need high-quality rubber diaphragms, which are costly to buy and replace, and they have a relatively low efficiency because of the energy needed to expand the diaphragm on every stroke. In addition, the working principle is relatively complex so mechanics and caretakers need to complete comprehensive training programmes.
====Piston / Suction handpump====
====Lever Action handpump====
Household-level handpumps, like the [[Rope pump]] or the [[Canzee pump]], are relatively cheap options for households to abstract water from a depth of more than 7 m. The rope pump uses washers on a rope that lift up the water through a rising main. The rope is transported down into the well using a rotating wheel at the surface. When turning the wheel, the pump operator lifts the washers and with them the water from the well. The structure is completed with an apron around the pump, a pump supporting construction, and an outlet through which the water flows into a bucket or can. A [[Canzee pump]] has two PVC tubes (with differring diameters) are used - one inside the other - with non-returning valves on the bottom side. When lowering the inside tube, the water enters in from the outside tube. When lifting the inside tube, its bottom valve closes and the water is lifted from the well. At the same time, the bottom valve of the outer tube opens and water flows into the pump. When the inside tube is lowered again, the process is repeated.
==Suitable conditions==