'''Drought Cycle Management and project cycle'''
[[Image:fundraising.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[http://www.crcna.org/pages/crwrc_justaddwater.cfm Just Add Water]]]
* Institutional - Introduce Drought Cycle Management into all NGO programming in drought-prone areas so that money is invested where it should be, rather than being diverted for emergencies.
'''Strategy specific to pastoralist and agropastoralist areas
[[Image:water kiosk.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A water kiosk in Zambia's poor neighbourhoods. Photo: [http://waterjournalistsafrica.wordpress.com/2011/07/ WaterSan Perspective.]]]
* Environmental - Concentrate efforts on seasonal water points rather than perennial (e.g. those more directly varying with rainfall) and vary according to pasture spatial needs.
'''Demand-responsive approach and ownership of technology and structures'''
[[Image:community planning.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[http://change.nature.org/2012/03/16/island-nations-making-plans-to-deal-with-rising-seas/ Island Nations Making Plans to Deal with Rising Seas.]]]* Technical - Men and women should decide what technology & service levelsthey need, and location of facilities. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_rural_appraisal Participatory Rural Appraisal] (PRA) can help identify perceived needs and can result in better performing projects. Women should be actively involved.
* Technical - Encourage flexibility in design depending on PRA results. During technical design, the true participatory process allows continual learning and adjustment to go both ways – in this view, participation is not a concession by powerful outsiders but an essential process for project success.
* Institutional - Men and women should decide on management arrangements, which leads to them better able to cope with problems in times of stress. Women should be actively involved as they have a vested interest to make the system work (due to lower water collection times for example).
* Financial - Men & women should decide onfinancing arrangements. Womenshould be actively involved.
* Financial - Beneficiaries in non-destitute communities with livelihoods (e.g. pastoralists with animals) need to feel they own the WASH facility (that they firstly perceived they needed via [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_rural_appraisal Participatory Rural Appraisal]). Ownership can be generated through (a) contribution towards the project costs, but this can/should be more than just stones, water, labour but rather hard cash as well; (b) clear idea by beneficiaries on who will own the final facility; (c) clear spatial separation of pastoral & town water supplies.
'''Improve involvement of women'''
[[Image:women and water.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Women gather water in Pemba, Tanzania where GLOWS is working on sanitation projects and hygiene education. Photo: [http://news.fiu.edu/2012/04/fiu-leads-global-water-projects-around-the-world/38856 GLOWS.]]]* Techncial Technical - Involve women in design and construction of facilities.
* Institutional - Women are traditional domestic water managers and are usually those who are involved in agriculture, yet involvement is still weak – continue to advocate involvement in decision making, design and O&M
'''Promote economic use of water '''
'''Technical expertise and piloting new techniques'''
[[Image:water tech.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Clean Drinking Water & Sanitation Projects in Ghana, West Africa. Photo: [http://www.myubique.info/ MyUbique.]]]
* Technical - Successful water projects require relevant technical expertise from beginning to end of project. Short-term hiring of technical consultants is not enough to guarantee quality work and success. Expertise is essential for certain design and construction phases and we should not assume that indigenous knowledge will contain everything to solve local problems – rather it is a balance between the two.
'''Mix & match'''
* Technical - There is no one solution for drought-prone areas – best is to mix and match according to:
** # Time of water use (e.g. open dams for use directly after rains leads to more used and less evaporated water, sand dams used in areas where livestock go in dryseason)** # Technical constraints (certain techniques suitable only certain places – e.g. sand dams built in riverbed, berkeds built awayfrom riverbed) __NOTOC__ <small-title />