<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and inputcomposting|french_link=Co-output tables -->Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
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sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:Icon_co-composting.png |right|95px]]'''Co-Composting composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics , using more than one materials feedstock (Faecal faecal sludge and Organic organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content , while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e. , it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product. For dewatered sludges, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge to solid waste.'''
[[Image:Co-composting.PNG|thumb|right|150px200px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)]]
===Open co-composting===<br>There are two types of Coco-Composting composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the mixed material (sludge and solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are periodically turned periodically to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. Windrow piles should be at least 1m highIn-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, as wellas mechanical mixing. Therefore, and should be insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pileit is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. Depending on Although the climate and available spacecomposting process seems like a simple, passive technology, the a well-functioning facility may be covered requires careful planning and design to prevent excess evaporation and protection from rainavoid failure.
To adequately treat excreta together with other organic materials in windrows, the WHO (1989) recommends active windrow co-composting with other organic materials for one month at 55-60°C, followed by two to four months curing to stabilise the compost. This achieves an acceptable level of pathogen kill for targeted health values. ===In-vessel co-compostingDesign Considerations===In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and air supplyfaecal sludge to minimize transport costs, as well as mechanical mixingbut still at a distanceaway from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances. ThereforeDepending on the climate and available space, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilitiesthe facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. Although the composting process seems like For dewatered sludge, a simple, passive technology, ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a well-working facility requires careful planning ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and design insulated with compost or soil to avoid failurepromote an even distribution of heat inside the pile.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Through co-composting, a useful and safe end product is generated that combines nutrients and organic material. <br>- Easy Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- High A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Toilet paper is decomposed <br>- Low capital cost; low and operating cost <br>- Potential for local job creation and income generation costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- limited control of vectors and pest attraction <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Lower cost variants requires a large land area (which Compost is well located)too bulky to be economically transported over long distances
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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== A Coco-Composting composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Mixed solid Solid waste with containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done carefully, Coco-Composting composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial soil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. Apart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the product that is (from paying customers). In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-controlled thermophilic process. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe to touch and work with. It Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation andmaintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored. Turning must be periodically done with either a good way front-end loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e., small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce the pathogen load in sludgemanual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product. ===References and external links===
Depending on the climate (rainfall* Hoornweg, D., Thomas, temperature L. and windOtten, L. (2000) the Co-. [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditionsand Its Applicability in Developing Countries]. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfallUrban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge (to minimize transport) but to minimize nuisancesWorld Bank, Washington, it should not be too close to homes and businessesD.C. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility, US.
Adding excreta* Koné, especially urineD., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., to household organics produces compost with a higher nutrient value Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (N2007). [https://ocw.un-Pihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and Co-KComposting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19) than compost produced only from kitchen and garden wastes. Co: 4397-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiency4402.
==Health Aspects* Obeng, L. A. and Wright, F. W. (1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Acceptance== Although the finished compost can be safely handledObeng-1987-Domestic.pdf Integrated Resource Recovery. The Co-Composting of Domestic Solid and Human Wastes]. The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, care should be taken when handling the faecal sludgeD.C. Workers should wear protective clothing and appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dusty, US.
==Upgrading== Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i* Rouse, J.e, Rothenberger, S. small branches and coconut shellsZurbrügg, C. (2008) : Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and pile turners help to optimize the processMiddle-Income Countries. Eawag (Department Sandec), reduce manual labourDübendorf, and ensure a more homogenous end productCH.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]
==Maintenance== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio* Strande, moisture and oxygen contentL. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilizationRonteltap, M. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materials, keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedulesand Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Manual turning must be done periodically with either a front-end loader or by handpublications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled Systems Approach for Implementation and monitoredOperation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK.(Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
== References ==* Elizabeth Tilley etStrauss, M.al (2008), Drescher, S. [http://www, Zurbrügg, C.eawag, Montangero, A.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high, Cofie, O.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] Drechsel, P. (2003). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.chorg/organisationen/abteilungenknowledge-hub/sandecresources-and-publications/publikationenlibrary/publications_sespdetails/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version1548 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]). Department A Literature and State-of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries -Knowledge Review. Eawag ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Department Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science , Dübendorf, CH and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsIWMI, Accra, GH.)
* Cofie, O., et al. (2006). Solid–liquid separation of faecal Sludge using drying beds in Ghana: Implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture. Water Research 40(1): 75–82. ===Acknowledgements===* Koné, D., et al. (2007). Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal Sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. Water Research 41(19){{: 4397–4402. * Obeng, LA. and Wright, FW. (1987). Integrated Resource Recover. The Co-Composting of Domestic Sold and Human Wastes. The World Bank + UNDP, Washington. * Shuval, HI., et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Acknowledgements Sanitation; Night-soil Composting. UNDP/WB Contribution to the IDWSSD. The World Bank, Washington. The following reports can all be found in the Faecal Sludge Co-Composting section of the Sandec Website: www.sandec.ch * Montangero, A., et al. (2002). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Soil Waste. Sandec/IWMI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Strauss, M., et al. (2003). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste- A Literature and State-of- Knowledge Review. Sandec/IMWI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Drescher. S., Zurbrügg, C., Enayetullah, I. and Singha, MAD. (2006). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries - A User’s Manual. Eawag/Sandec and Waste Concern, Dhaka.}}