__NOTOC__<small-title />[[Image:Storage_tank_for_rooftop_harvesting_icon.png|right|80px|]][[Image:FerrocementTank.jpg|thumb|right|350px200px|Conclusion of Acul des Pins Ferro-Cement Tank Project – Haiti. Photo: [http://watercharity.org/node/253 Water Charity.]]]Ferrocement water tanks are made of steel mesh and wire, covered on the inside and outside with a thin layer of cement-and-sand mortar. The walls may be as thin as 2.5 cm. The tanks can be used for individual households or for whole communities, and they provide a relatively inexpensive and easy-to-maintain storage method. To avoid bending forces in the material, most ferrocement tanks have curved walls, in the form of a cylinder, a globe or an egg. Compared to concrete reservoirs, ferrocement tanks are relatively light and flexible. <br>To protect the water from contamination, the tank is covered with a lid or a roof that can be made of various materials, but is usually ferrocement. In this case, an aeration pipe with a screen is needed to allow fresh air to circulate in the tank, while keeping out rodents and insects. A manhole in the roof gives access to the tank for cleaning and repairs. Water flows into the reservoir through an inlet pipe, which is normally above the water level.<br>Water extraction can be done using gravity, [[Handpumps]] or other pumps, or a bucket.
===Suitable conditions===
* Avoid making sub-surface ferrocement or anthill/lime/cement tanks in unstable soil.
* Do not site tanks near big trees whose roots might crack the walls.
* Do not site sub-surface tanks in areas of high water tables to reduce risk of flotation.
===Resilience to changes in the environment=======Drought==== '''Effects of drought''': Badly made concrete and cracked linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells, and other structures). <br>'''Underlying causes of effects''': Less water used for curing; Impure water used for mixing. <br>'''To increase resiliency of WASH system''': Ensure adequate mixing, ratios, purity of ingredients; Minimize water content in mixture; Ensure adequate curing. For more information on drought: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]] ===Construction, operations and maintenance==='''General advice on cement''': A common cause of cracks in structures and linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells) is errors in mixing and applying the cement. First of all, it is important that only pure ingredients are used: clean water, clean sand, clean rocks. The materials have to be mixed very thoroughly. Secondly, the amount of water during mixing needs to minimal: the concrete or cement needs to be just workable, on the dry side even, and not fluid. Thirdly, it is essential that during curing the cement or concrete is kept moist at all times, for at least a week. Structures should be covered with plastic, large leaves or other materials during the curing period, and kept wet regularly. '''Specific advice''':[[Image:FerrocementTankDiagram.JPG|thumb|right|300px200px|Ferrocement tank components.]]
Range of volume: From 1 m3 to over 80 m3.
Range of depth: Usually, between 1.5–3.0 m.
====Build the roof of the tank====
[[Image:PaintedTank.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Freshly painted tank to match the colors of the Nicaraguan flag. Photo: [http://waterforwaslala.wordpress.com/2011/08/08/ferrocement-the-coolest-invention-since-the-smart-phone/ Water for Waslala's Blog.]]]
# Cut the wood boards so that one edge is curved outward. This can be done while the tank walls are curing. The tank size will dictate the necessary sizes of the forms.
# Once the walls are fully cured, position the wood beams inside the tank. One log will be the center pole sticking up vertically from the center of the foundation. Two logs will be cross bars near to the top of the walls to support the wooden roof forms. Additional vertical logs will also be used to support the wooden roof forms; these logs should be placed along the inside circumference of the walls.
Operation consists of opening and closing the valves, and managing a chlorinator, if provided. A ferrocement tank that is well-designed and well-built needs very little maintenance. The surroundings, including the drain, must be kept clean on a regular basis; every two months, the valves must be opened and closed to prevent them sticking, and the screens must be checked. Occasionally the fence, a screen or tap may need repair. Every six months, or when contamination is suspected, the reservoir must be drained, de-silted, cleaned with a brush, and disinfected with chlorine. Any leaks have to be repaired immediately. Repair involves some special techniques using wire and mesh, cement, sand and water, but they are easy to learn.
===Costs===
* Ferrocement tanks: US$26 - $50 per m3 storage depending on size (e.g. 11m3 for US$550, 46m3 for US$1,200). Experience from the RAIN Foundation seems to indicate a cost of between 40-100 Euro per m3 storage for ferrocement tanks (including everything like materials, transport and labour). Partial below-ground ferrocement tanks have also been made where part of the structure is underground and part is above ground - US$24.5 per m3 storage (e.g. 10.8m3 for US$265).
* In Kenya in 1993, a 20 m3 tank with a roof cost US$ 420 (US$ 21 per m3). In the South Pacific Islands in 1994, 5.5–12 m3 tanks cost an average of US$ 50 per m3.
Access to finance is a main obstacle to promotion of rainwater harvesting for households, and is important so that users can replicate the technology – however, so far there are few examples on a global level with micro-credit for rainwater harvesting. An initiative is underway in Nepal to trial the promotion of rainwater harvesting tanks through a combination of subsidy and credit from micro-finance institutions (MFIs), mainly targeting women, where gradually over time the subsidy will be replaced by credit completely where rainwater harvesting systems will hopefully be one of the credit products for MFIs. Lessons learned from micro-credit for biogas plants in Nepal show that the system can work when initially mixed with government subsidy – total repayment period ranges from 5 – 7 years and interest rates vary between 11.5 – 16%.
===Field experiences===The following projects utilize ferrocement tanks.<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 40%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 840.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/840/ RSR Project 840]<br>Rainwater harvesting in Guinee Bissau 2</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/840/ ]] |[[Image:project 107.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/107/ RSR Project 107]<br>Rainwater harvesting in Guinee Bissau</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/107/ ]] |}
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==Reference manuals=Manuals, videos, and links===
* [http://www.unhcr.org/49d089a62.html Large Ferro-Cement Water Tank: Design Parameters and Construction Details]. UNHCR, July 2006.
* Video: [http://youtu.be/ltBfaWVZ4B4 Storage tanks: ferrocement tank]. How to build a ferrocement tank (English and Spanish).
====Videos====* '''Video #1''': How to build a ferrocement tank (English and Spanish).* '''Video #2''': This movie shows how to make a ferrocement tank to store water using an inner form made of corrugated steel plate.* '''Video #3''': This movie shows how to make a small (75 liter) ferrocement water tank and a sink for use in the house. EMAS style. {|style="font-size: 125%"|-|{{#ev:youtube|ltBfaWVZ4B4|200|auto|<center>1. Storage tanks: <br>ferrocement tank</center>}}|{{#ev:vimeo|8453558|200|auto|<center>2. Storage tanks - Ferrocement <br>tank using inner form</center>}}|{{#ev:vimeo|8453807|200|auto|<center>3. Storage tanks - small <br>ferrocement tank and sink</center>}} |} ===Acknowledgements===* CARE Nederland, ''Desk Study : [[Resilient WASH systems in drought -prone areas]].'' October 2010.* [http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Ferrocement-Tank How to build a ferrocement tank]. Five contributors, 2010. University of Maryland, College Park. WikiHow.