__NOTOC__{{Language-box|english_link=Chlorine (NaDCC) |french_link=Coming soon |spanish_link=Coming soon|hindi_link=Coming soon|malayalam_link=Coming soon|tamil_link=Coming soon | korean_link=Coming soon | chinese_link=http://akvopedia.org/wiki/氯（氰酸钠NaDCC） | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}} [[Image:safe_water_systems_icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:NaDCC.jpg|thumb|right|200px|NaDCC tablet]] NaDCC, also known as Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate or Troclosene Sodium, is one form of chlorine used for disinfection. It is often used to treat water in emergencies, and is now widely available for household water treatment. NaDCC tablets are available with different chlorine content (e.g. 3.5 mg to 10 g) to treat from 1 to 3000 litres at a time. They are usually effervescent (meaning that escaping carbon dioxide gas causes the tablets to dissolve quickly, with a 'fizz'), allowing the tablet to dissolve in less than 1 minute. When added to water, NaDCC releases hydrochloric acid which reacts through oxidization with microorganisms and kills them. Three things can happen when chlorine is added to water: # Some chlorine reacts through oxidization with organic matter and the pathogens in the water and kills them. This portion is called consumed chlorine.# Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter and forms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine.# Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains in the water. This portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC). The FRC helps prevent recontamination of the treated water. Chlorine began to be widely used as a disinfectant in the early 1900’s. It revolutionized drinking water treatment and dramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases. Chlorine remains the most widely used chemical for water disinfection in the United States. ===Suitable conditions ===Unlimited amounts of water can be processed at a time, depending on the amount of active chlorine. {{procontable | pro=- Some NaDCC products claim that there is no bad odour or taste after use <br>- Highly acceptable to users because of ease of use, chlorine taste and prestige <br>| con= - Distribution system of the products should be developed <br>- Relatively high cost <br>- Toxoplasma oocysts and cryptosporidium oocysts are highly resistant to chlorine disinfection <br>- Most users cannot determine the dosing quantity themselves; proper use requires instructions from the manufacturer <br>}}
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==What is a NaDCC?=Construction, operations and maintenance===Chlorine began [[Image:chlorine tablet WHO.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Domestic chlorination using a chlorine tablet. Photo: WHO.]]Each product should have its own instructions for correct dosing. In general, the user adds the correct sized tablet for the amount of water to be widely used as a disinfectant in treated, following the early 1900’sproduct instructions. It revolutionized drinking water treatment Then they agitate the container, and dramatically reduced wait for the incidence amount of waterborne diseasestime instructed on the package, normally 30 minutes (“contact time”). Chlorine remains the most widely The water is then disinfected and ready to be used chemical for water disinfection in the United States.NaDCC, also known as sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium troclosene, is one form The effectiveness of chlorine used for disinfection. It is often used to treat water in emergenciesaffected by turbidity, organic matter, temperature and is now widely available for household pH. For high turbidity levels, the water treatmentshould first be strained through a cloth or be sedimented before adding chlorine. These processes will remove some of the suspended particles and improve the reaction between the chlorine and pathogens. NaDCC tablets are available The manufacturer’s instructions for specific sodium hypochlorite products need to be followed. The required dose and contact time varies with different chlorine content water quality (e.g. 3turbidity, pH, temperature). Use a 30 minute minimum contact time. If the pH is above 7.5 , a higher Free Residual Clorine concentration of 0.6 mg /litre should be used and the contact time should be extended to 10 g) 1 hour. The contact time should be increased to treat from 1 hour when the temperature is between 10˚ and 18˚C. It should be increased to 3000 litres at a two or more hours when the temperature falls below 10˚C. Manufacturer’s instructions for specific NaDCC products need to be followed. The batch volume depends on size of the container used by the household. Required dose and contact timevaries with water quality (e. They are usually effervescent (meaning that escaping carbondioxide gas causes the tablets to dissolve quicklyg. turbidity, pH, with a 'fizz'temperature), allowing the tablet . The minimum contact time to dissolve in less than 1 minutebe needed is 30 minutes. Free residual chlorine protects against recontamination.
==How Does It Remove Contamination?==When added Most users cannot determine the dosing quantity themselves; proper use requires simple instructions from the manufacturer. Users often use less than the recommended dose to water, NaDCC releases hydrochloric acid which reacts through oxidization with microorganisms and kills themsave money.
Three things Metering pumps as [[Dosatron]] can happen when chlorine is added be used to water:perform proportional dosing
# Some chlorine reacts through oxidization with organic matter and the pathogens ====Manufacturing====NaDCC tablets cannot be produced locally, but they can be bought in the water and kills them. This portion is called consumed chlorine.# Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter bulk and forms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine.# Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains in the water. This portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC). The FRC helps prevent recontamination of the treated waterpackaged locally.
==Operation==Each product should have its own instructions for correct dosing. In general, Materials and facilities required are simply the user adds the correct sized tablet for the amount of water to be treated, following the product instructionstablets and packaging materials. Then they agitate the container, and wait Workshop space is required for packaging the amount of time instructed on the package, normally 30 minutes (“contact time”). The water is then disinfected and ready to be usedtablets.
The effectiveness of chlorine is affected by turbidity, organic matter, temperature and pH. For high turbidity levels, the water should first Anyone can be strained through a cloth or be sedimented before adding chlorine. These processes will remove some of the suspended particles and improve the reaction between the chlorine and pathogenstrained for light packaging work.
NaDCC tablets do not contain hazardous chemicals, they are safe to handle and store. Manufacturer’s instructions should be followed.
====Treatment efficiencyEfficiency===={| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="centernone"
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Toxoplasma oocysts and cryptosporidium oocysts are highly resistant to chlorine disinfection <ref name=cdcp07/>. Chlorine alone should not be expected to inactivate these pathogens in drinking water.
==Operating criteria==*'''Flow rate:''' Not applicable*'''Batch volume:''' Unlimited*'''Daily water supply:''' Unlimited The manufacturer’s instructions for specific sodium hypochlorite Some NaDCC products need to be followedclaim that there is no bad odour or taste after use. The required dose and contact time varies Chlorine reacts with organic matter naturally present in water quality to form by-products such as trihalomethanes (eTHMs), which are potentially cancer-causing.gLantagne et al. turbidity, pH, temperature(2008)<ref>[[#lantagne08|Lantagne et al. Use a 30 minute minimum contact time. If the pH is above 7.5, a higher Free Residual Clorine concentration of 0.6 mg(2008)]]</litre should be used and the contact time should be extended to 1 hour. The contact time should be increased to 1 hour when the temperature is between 10˚ and 18˚C. It should be increased to two or more hours when the temperature falls ref> indicate that THM levels produced during household chlorination may fall below 10˚C. Manufacturer’s instructions for specific NaDCC products need to be followed. The batch volume depends on size of the container used by the household. Required dose and contact time varies with water quality World Health Organization (e.g. turbidity, pH, temperatureWHO). The minimum contact time to be needed is 30 minutes. ==Robustness==Free residual chlorine protects against recontaminationguideline values.
Most users cannot determine the dosing quantity themselves; proper use ====Maintenance====Chlorine requires simple instructions from the manufacturera supply chain, market availability and regular purchase. Users often use less than the recommended dose It also requires quality control process to ensure product reliability. Sourcing suitable plastic containers to save moneymanufacture chlorine solutions can sometimes be a challenge.
Chlorine requires a supply chain, market availability and regular purchase. It also requires quality control process Products should be protected from exposure to ensure product reliability. Sourcing suitable plastic containers to manufacture chlorine solutions can sometimes be a challengetemperature extremes or high humidity.
====Estimated lifespanLifespan====
Chlorine deteriorates over time, especially in liquid form. Liquid chlorine products should be used within 3 months of being manufactured.
If stored in strip packs, the product has a shelf-life of five years. If stored in tubs, it has a three year shelf-life. ==Manufacturing requirements== =====Worldwide producers=====Medentech Ltd. manufactures Aquatabs for water disinfection, hospital surface infection control and general environmental disinfection.
====Suppliers=Local production=====NaDCC tablets cannot be produced locally, but they can be bought in bulk and packaged locally.
Hydrachem Ltd. manufactured Oasis [http://www.oasiswaterpurification.com/ Water Purification tablets] in the United Kingdom. Hydrachem are the largest suppliers to UNICEF.<ref name=====Materials and facilities=====Tablets and packaging materialsunicef14>[[#unicef14|UNICEF Supply Report (2014)]]</ref>
=====Fabrication Facilities=====Workshop space is required Medentech Ltd. manufactures Aquatabs for packaging the tabletswater disinfection, hospital surface infection control and general environmental disinfection. In Tanzania, PSI imported a single sized 20 litre-tablet that are packed locally in boxes of 36 10 tablet-strips.
===Costs==Labour=====Anyone can be trained for light packaging work. =====Hazards=====NaDCC tablets do not contain hazardous chemicals, they are safe to handle and store. Manufacturer’s instructions should be followed. ==Maintenance requirements==Products should be protected from exposure to temperature extremes or high humidity. ==Cost==
{{Treatment_Cost
|CapCost=US$ 0
Note: Program, transportation and education costs are not included.
==Other=Manuals, videos, and links===Some NaDCC products claim that there is no bad odour or taste after use* [http://fieldresearch. msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/618835/1/FRC+Op+Guidance+Briefing+Note+%28Nov+2016%29.pdf Operational Guidance Briefing Note: Evidence-based Free Residual Chlorine reacts with organic matter naturally present in water to form by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMsFRC), which are potentially cancer-causingTargets]* [http://www.hydrachem. Lantagne et alco. (2008)<ref>[[#lantagne08|Lantagne et aluk Hydrachem Ltd. (2008)]]</ref> indicate that THM levels produced during household chlorination may fall below World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. ==Movies== ==External links==*[http://www.cawst.org CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology)]
* [http://www.aquatabs.com Aquatabs]
* [http://www.medentech.com Medentech Ltd.]
==Acknowledgements=References=This article is based on a factsheet from [http://www.cawst.org/ Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST)], which is gratefully acknowledged. ==Footnotes==
<references/>
==References=Acknowledgements===This article is based on a factsheet from [http://www.cawst.org/ Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST)], which is gratefully acknowledged.
* Clasen, T. and P. Edmondson (2006). Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for the routine treatment of drinking water at the household level. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health Volume 209, Issue 2, pp. 173-181.