<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top box|english_link=Application of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, Pit Humus and inputCompost|french_link=Application_du_Compost_(Eco-output tables -->Humus)|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Composta/EcoHumus|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys2=[[ Pour Flush Pit System without Sludge Production|3]]|
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pic=Application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|
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Input1=Compost/EcoHumus |Input2= Pit Humus |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:Compost_as_soil_conditioner.PNG|thumb|right|150px|[['''Compost as is the soil conditioner |Compost as soil conditioner]], in Malawi -like substance resulting from the controlled aerobic degradation of organics. Pit humus is the term used to describe the material removed from a double pit technology (for creditsS.4, click the pictureS.5 or S.6)]]because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different composition than compost. Both products can be used as soil conditioners.'''
'''Decomposed excreta The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80 °C) which kills the majority of pathogens present. The composting process requires adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double VIP]] (S.4), [[Fossa Alterna|Fossa Alterna]] (S.5) or [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush|Twin Pits for Pour Flush]] (S.6) are ambient-temperature variations of high-temperature composting. In these technologies, there is rich almost no increase in nutrients temperature because the conditions in the pit (NPK nitrogenoxygen, phosphorousmoisture, and potassiumC:N ratio) and organic materialare not optimized for composting processes to take place. The organic Because of this, the material in compost acts is not actually ‘compost’ and is, therefore, referred to as soil conditioner‘pit humus’. It also improves the structure The texture and water holding capacity quality of sandy soils and adds structure and permeability the pit humus depends on the materials which have been added to clay soilsthe excreta (e.g. Composted excreta, on its own or combined with other biodegradable material, enhances soil added to a Fossa Alterna) and the fertility of topsoilstorage conditions.'''
Composting WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture stipulate that compost should achieve and maintain a temperature of 50 °C for at least one week before it is the term used considered safe to describe the controlled aerobic degradation use. Achieving this value, however, requires a significantly longer period of organics into a soil-like substance called compostcomposting. ‘EcoHumus’ is For technologies that generate pit humus, a term taken from Peter Morgan (see references) and minimum of 1 year of storage is a more appropriate word recommended to use eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoa. WHO guidelines should be consulted for the material removed from a Fossa Alterna because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different compositiondetailedinformation.
The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80°C) which kills ===Design Considerations=== It has been shown that the majority productivity of pathogens present. For the composting process to occur there must poor soil can be adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, improved by applying equal parts compost and airtopsoil to it. The [[output fromone Fossa Alterna]] and [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Arborloo]] are ambient temperature variations of high-temperature compostingshould be sufficient for two 1. In these technologies, there is almost no temperature rise because vegetable matter is lacking5 m by 3. For that reason, the end material is not actually ‘compost’ and is therefore referred to as ‘EcoHumus’5 m beds.
The WHO guidelines state that {{procontable | pro=- Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil and reduce the compost should achieve use of chemical fertilizers <br>- May encourage income generation (improved yield and maintain productivity of plants) <br>- Low risk of pathogen transmission <br>- Low costs | con=- May require a temperature year or more of 50°C for at least one week before it is considered safe (although maturation <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas <br>}} ===Appropriateness=== Compost and pit humus can be beneficially used to achieve this value, a significantly longer period improve the quality of composting is required)soil. They add nutrients and organics and improve the soil’s ability to store air and water. The WHO guidelines should They can be consulted mixed into the soil before crops are planted, used to start seedlings or indoor plants, or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for detailed information. For systems that generate EcoHumus in-situ (i.efurther treatment. Vegetable gardens filled with pit humus from the Fossa Alterna), a minimum have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted without soil conditioner. The use of 1 year of storage is recommended to eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoapit humus has even made agriculture possible in areas which otherwise would not have supported crops.
Compost===Health Aspects/EcoHumus Acceptance=== A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but, if in doubt, any material removed from the pit or vault can be further composted in a regular compost heap before being used or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i.e., a nutrient-filled pit used beneficially for planting a tree. Compost and pit humus should not be applied to improve the quality crops less than one month before they are harvested. This waiting period is especially important for crops that are consumed raw. As opposed to sludge, which can originate from a variety of soils by adding nutrients domestic, chemical and organics industrial sources, compost and improving the soil’s ability to store air and waterpit humus have very few chemical inputs. The texture and quality of the EcoHumus depends on the materialsonly chemical sources that could contaminate compost or pit humus might originate from contaminated organic material (e.g., which have been added to the excreta pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (especially the type of soile.g., pharmaceutical residues).
{{procontable | pro=- Potential income generation (improved yield Compared to the chemicals that may find their way into wastewater sludge, compost and productivity of plants). <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Can improve soil conditions such pit humus can be considered as the structure and water-holding capacity of soilless contaminated. <br>Compost reduces the need for artificial fertilizer.<br> and pit humus are inoffensive, earth- Simple technique for all userslike products. <br> - Low costRegardless, people might refrain from handling and using them. | con=Conducting demonstration activities that promote hands- Requires a year or more of maturation. <br> on experience can effectively show their non- Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K).<br>-Cultural taboos could hinder offensive nature and their beneficial use. <br>-Health precautions always need to be considered when applying compost enriched with excreta.}}
===Operation & Maintenance===
The material must be allowed to adequately mature before being removed from the system. Then, it can be used without further
treatment. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
==Adequacy=Field experiences===Compost/EcoHumus can be mixed into the soil before crops are planted, used to start seedlings or indoor plants or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for further treatment.
For poor soils, equal parts of compost and <br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top soil have shown to improve productivity"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite. The output from one Fossa Alterna should be sufficient for two 1png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.5m by 3org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 464.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.5m bedsakvo. Vegetable gardens filled with the Eco- Humus from the Fossa Alterna have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted without compost, and has even made agriculture possible org/project/464/ RSR Project 464]<br>Dutch WASH Alliance in areas which would have not otherwise supported cropsHararghe & Dire Dawa</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/464/]] |}
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but if in doubt, any material removed from the pit can be composted further in a regular compost heap, or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i.e. a nutrient-filled pit used for planting a tree.<br>
===Manuals, videos, and links===* General information about Compost containing excreta should be applied in such a way that the upper layer of the as soil covers the materialconditioner [http://www.ecosanres.org www. Note; compost from excreta should not be applied as fertilizer to vegetables eaten rawecosanres.org]
As opposed to sludge, which originates from a variety domestic, chemical and industrial sources, compost has very few chemical inputs* [http://www. The only chemical sources that could contaminate compost might originate from contaminated organic material (ewho.g. pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (e.g. medication). Compared to the cleaning, pharmaceutical int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and processing chemicals that may find their way into sludge, compost can be considered as a less contaminated product.health - 2018]
Acceptability may be low at first===References===* Del Porto, but demonstration units D. and hands-on experience are effective ways of demonstrating the non-offensive nature of the materialSteinfeld, C. (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Concord, MA, US.(Book)
==Maintenance==* Jenkins, J. (2005). [http://skrconline.net/content/images/stories/documents/Humanure_Handbook_all.pdf The material must be allowed Humanure Handbook. A Guide to mature adequately before it is removed from the system and then it can be used without further treatmentComposting Human Manure]. 3rd Ed. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, US.
==External Links==* General information about Compost as soil conditioner Morgan, P. R. (2004). [httphttps://www.ecosanressusana.org www/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences].ecosanresAquamor, Harare, ZW.org]
==References==* Elizabeth Tilley etMorgan, P. R.al (20082007). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationenorg/publications_sespen/downloads_sespknowledge-hub/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems resources-and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation-publications/abteilungenlibrary/sandecdetails/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low195 Toilets That Make Compost.pdf low res versionLow-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandecStockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)pp. (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems81-90.)
* Del PortoMorgan, DP. and Steinfeld, CR. (19992009). The Composting Toilet System Book[https://www.susana. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative Upgrade from Arborloo to Sewer and Septic SystemsVIP]. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP)Stockholm Environment Institute, MassachusettsStockholm, USASE.
* Jenkins, J. NWP (19992006). The Humanure Handbook[https: a Guide to Composting Human Manure//www. (2nd edsusana.)org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Smart Sanitation Solutions. Jenkins PublishingExamples of Innovative, Low-Cost Technologies for Toilets, Grove CityCollection, PaTransportation, USATreatment and Use of Sanitation Products]. Available: http://www.jenkinspublishingNetherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, NL.com
* MorganStrande, PL., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (2004Eds.) (2014). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa[https: A Compilation of Experiences//www. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwesusana. Available: http:org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/www3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation].ecosanresIWA Publishing, London, UK.org(Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
* Morgan, P. WHO (20072006). Toilets that make compost[https://www.who. Stockholm Environment Instituteint/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Stockholm, SwedenExcreta and Greywater. pp 81–90. Available: httpVolume 4://wwwExcreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture].ecosanresWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH.org
* NWP (2006). Smart ===Acknowledgements==={{:Acknowledgements Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Netherlands. pp 49.}}