水力喷射 — 综述
水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方，将“泥浆”（水与钻屑）向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔中。并且，运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水（钻井液）的流失。
水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压，将塑料管压下（不用钻头或旋转，而利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。
适宜条件
适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常适用的最深深度为35米。
| 优势 | 不足 |
|---|---|
| - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。 |
- Generally limited to sandy soils. Soft clay will be penetrated only very slowly and coarse gravel and other highly permeable materials (cracks in the formation) cause loss of working water and cannot be drilled. The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石等透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失，因而无法钻井。由于有水压，探孔会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，利用液体钻取的探孔在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。 - A large amount of working water needs to be available on the drilling location (several 200 liter drums/hour). The drilling and well installation needs to be done on the same day. Leaving the borehole open during the night has a high risk of collapsing.钻井点需要大量的作业用水（每小时数桶200升的水）。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下探孔敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的风险。 |
建造、运作与维护
All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。
实地经验
水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。
指南、视频与链接
- CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI UNICEF, 2011.
- Robert Vuik, Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU.
- Lifewater Resources on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Lifewater Canada, update 2004.
- Manuals on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.
- Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana. Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.
- Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled. Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.
- Self-help wells. R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985.
- Shallow Wells. DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.
- Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
- Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps. Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.
- Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa. M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.
- Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods. Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.
- A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series. UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.
- Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes. WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.
- Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells. USAID 1982 - Developing groundwater and manual drilling techniques.
- Understanding low-cost Well Drilling. Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.
- Lots of articles on Jetting. Rural Water Supply Network.
- PAT-Drill - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Lone Star Bit - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Deep Rock - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Drillingfab. - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
鸣谢
- 43. 简易钻井方法. WEDC.
