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Subsurface harvesting systems

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{{Language-box|english_link= Subsurface harvesting systems | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=地下集水系统 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}__NOTOC__ <small-title />

[[Image:subsurface harvesting systems.png|right|80px]]

[[Image:SubsurfaceDamSite.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Subsurface dam being built out of clay soil across a sandy riverbed in Kitui, Kenya, 2007. They are working in the dry season; note the riverbank is much higher than they are working. Photo: [http://www.waterforaridland.com/publications/Book8/book8chapter6.asp Water for Arid Land.]]]

The use of subsurface dams in naturally occurring alluvium creates groundwater storage upstream of the dam, raising the water table and preventing evaporation losses. These are structures that reduce or stop the flow of shallow groundwater. A subsurface dam is constructed across a valley in a seasonally dry, sandy riverbed, by digging a trench down to the bedrock or other impervious layer (clay) at the base of the river. The dam, which is placed in the trench, may consist of a wall or screen and covered with excavated material until it is completely concealed. The refill material must be properly compacted. There are two types of groundwater dams: a subsurface dam (which is explained here) and a [[sand dam]]. A subsurface dam is the easier one to build of the two. The structure is built inside an existing riverbed, so that after a flooding event, for example, water is increased due to a new and higher water level within the sand.

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{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 7040%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top" |[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr /]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 393.jpg|thumb|nonecenter|200px140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/393/ RSR Project 393]<br>Dawa Eresa Subsurface and Sand Dam project</center></font>|link=http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/rsr/project/393/]]|'''Akvo RSR Project[[Image:''' project 404.jpg|thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://wwwrsr.akvo.org/project/404/ RSR Project 404]<br>Feasibility Study for Rainwater Harvesting</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/393404/ Dawa Eresa Subsurface and Sand Dam project]This project aims to provide the people in Konda and Kora with access to water. Currently the water source they use is of poor quality without year-round access.By constructing a sand dam and subsurface dam that harvest rainwater, the people will gain year-round access to water of better quality. This will reduce the time spent on collecting water and thus free time for school enrollment for children and other activities for women.]

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{|style="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;" |[[Image:rsr 404.jpg|thumb|none|200px|<font size="2"><center>Project 404</center></font>|link=http://www.akvo.org/rsr/project/404/]]|'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [http://www.akvo.org/rsr/project/404/ Feasibility Study for Rainwater Harvesting]The feasibility study area will be in Mashuru and Namanga districts, Kajiado County in Rift valley region. The main focus will be carrying out technical and socio-economic evaluation and feasibility for sand /sub-surface in Kajiado County to create access to safe, sustainable and affordable drinking water. The study will provide a basis for decision making such as piloting, up-scaling and collaborative support for the project.|} ==Manuals, videos, and links===* [http://www.wateraidsswm.orginfo/uksites/what_we_dodefault/sustainable_technologiesfiles/technology_notesreference_attachments/247WATERAID%202008%20Technology%20Notes.asp pdf Technology Notes: Subsurface Dams]- Section 11. Water Aid.* [http://www.waterforaridland.com/publicationsBooks/Book8/book8chapter6Subsurface%20dams%20for%20water%20storage.asp Chapter 6: Community Water Projectspdf Subsurface dams for water storage in dry riverbeds]. Scroll down to the section, 6.2 Subsurface Dams. Waterforaridland.com.

===Acknowledgements===

* Brikke, François, and Bredero, Maarten. [http://www.washdocircwash.infoorg/docsearchresources/title/117705 linking-technology-choice-operation-and-maintenance-context-community-water-supply-and Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staff] or ([http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153/en/ alternative link]). World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre. Geneva, Switzerland 2003.

* [http://docswww.watsanircwash.netorg/Downloaded_Filesresources/PDF/NWPsmart-water-harvesting-solutions-examples-innovative-low-cost-technologies-rain-2007fog-Smart%20water%20harvesting.pdf runoff Smart Water Harvesting Solutions: Examples of innovative, low cost technologies for rain, fog, and runoff water and groundwater.] (or [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/smart%20water%20harvesting.pdf alternative link]) Netherlands Water Partnership, Aqua for All, Agromisa, et al. 2007.

* CARE Nederland, Desk Study: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]]. October 2010.

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