===Products===
Products are materials that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some products are generated directly by humans (e.g., Urine and Faeces), others are required in the functioning of technologies (e.g., Flushwater to move Excreta through sewers) and some are generated as a function of storage or treatment (e.g., Sludge).
Products are materials For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the products that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some Products are generated directly by humans flowing into (e.g. urine inputs) and faecesout of (outputs), others are required each of the sanitation technologies in the functioning of Technologies (e.gsystem. flush water to move excreta through sewers) and some The products referenced within this text are generated as a function or storage or treatment (e.g. faecal sludge)described below.
For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the Products that are flowing into (Inputs) and out (Outputs) of each of the sanitation Technologies in the system. The Products referenced within this text are described below.
====Pre-Treatment ProductsAnal Cleansing Water====
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Pre-Treatment Products are materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and various solids (e.g. sand, fibres and trash), can impair transport Anal cleansing water is water used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and wear. Thereforeurinating; it is generated by those who use water, rather than dry material, early removal of these substances is crucial for the durability anal cleansing. The volume of a sanitation systemwater used per cleaning typically ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L.
====UrineBiomass====
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Urine is Biomass refers to plants or animals cultivated using the liquid waste produced by the body to rid itself of urea water and other waste Products/or nutrients flowing through a sanitation system. In this contextThe term Biomass may include fish, insects, vegetables, the urine Product refers to pure urine fruit, forage or other beneficial crops that is not mixed with faeces or water. Depending on dietcan be utilized for food, human urine collected during one year (ca. 500 L) contains 2–4 kg nitrogen. With the exception of some rare casesfeed, urine is sterile when it leaves the bodyfibre and fuel production.
====Stored UrineBiogas====
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Stored Urine Biogas is Urine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., the urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Stored Urine has a pH common name for the mixture of approximately 9gases released from anaerobic digestion. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. After 6 months Biogas is comprised of storagemethane (50 to 75%), the risk carbon dioxide (25 to 50%) and varying quantities of pathogen transmission is considerably reducednitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water vapour and other components. Biogas can be collected and burned for fuel (like propane).
====FaecesBlackwater====
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Blackwater is the mixture of Urine, Faeces refers to and Flushwater along with Anal Cleansing Water (semi-solidif water is used for cleansing) excrement without urine and/or waterDry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1). Each person produces approximately 50 L per year Blackwater contains the pathogens of faecal matter. Of Faeces and the total nutrients excreted, faeces contain about 10% N, 30% P, 12% K and have 107–109 faecal coliforms /100 mLof Urine that are diluted in the Flushwater.
====Anal Cleansing WaterBrownwater====
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Anal cleansing water Brownwater is water collected after it has been used to cleanse oneself after defecating the mixture of Faeces and Flushwater, and/or urinatingdoes not contain Urine. It is only the water generated by Urine-Diverting Flush Toilets (U.6) and, therefore, the user for anal cleansing volume depends on the volume of the Flushwater used. The pathogen and does nutrient load of Faeces is not reduced, only diluted by the Flushwater. Brownwater may also include dry materials. The volume of Anal Cleansing Water (if water collected during anal is used for cleansing ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L per cleaning) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1).
====Dry Cleansing MaterialsCompost====
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Solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating Compost is decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled aerobic degradation process. In this biological process, microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) decompose the biodegradable waste components andproduce an earth-like, odourless, brown/or urinating (eblack material.gCompost has excellent soil-conditioning properties and a variable nutrient content.Because of leaching and volatilization, papersome of the nutrients may be lost, leaves, corncobsbut the material is still rich in nutrients and organic matter. Generally, rags Excreta or stonesSludge should be composted long enough (2 to 4 months). Dependingunder thermophilicon the system, Dry Cleansing Materials may conditions (55 to 60 °C) in order to be collected and separately disposed ofsanitized sufficiently for safe agricultural use. Although extremely important, a separate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tampons This temperature is not included guaranteed in this Compendiummost Composting Chambers (S. In general (though not always8), they should but considerable pathogen reduction can normally be treated along with the solid waste generated in the householdachieved.
====StormwaterDried Faeces====
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Stormwater is Dried Faeces are Faeces that have been dehydrated until they become a dry, crumbly material. Dehydration takes place by storing Faeces in a dry environment with good ventilation, high temperatures and/or the general term for presence of absorbent material. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and this means that the rainfall runoff collected from roofsDried Faeces are still rich in organic matter. However, roads Faeces reduce by around 75% in volume during dehydration and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying landmost pathogens die off. It There is the portion of rainfall a small risk that does not infiltrate into some pathogenic organisms can be reactivated under the soilright conditions, particularly, in humid environments.
====GreywaterDry Cleansing Materials====
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Greywater is Dry Cleansing Materials are solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating (e.g., paper, leaves, corncobs, rags or stones). Depending on the total volume of water generated from washing foodsystem, clothes Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected and dishware as well as from bathing. It may contain traces separately disposed of excreta and therefore will also contain pathogens and excreta. Greywater accounts Although extremely important, a separate product name for approximately 60% of the wastewater produced menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tampons is not included in households this Compendium. In general (though not always), they should be treated along with flush toilets. It contains few pathogens and its flow of nitrogen is only 10–20% of that the solid waste generated in blackwaterthe household.
====FlushwaterEffluent====
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Flushwater Effluent is the water general term for a liquid that is used to transport excreta from the User Interface to the next leaves a technology, typically after Blackwater or Sludge has undergone solids separation or some other type of treatment. Freshwater, rainwater, recycled greywater, Effluent originates at either a Collection and Storage or any combination a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment technology. Depending on the type of treatment, the three Effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used as a Flushwater sourceor disposed of.
====OrganicsExcreta====
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Organics refers here to biodegradable organic material Excreta consists of Urine and Faeces that could also be called biomass or green organic wasteis not mixed with any Flushwater. Although the other Products Excreta is small in this Compendium contain organicsvolume, this term refers to undigested plant material. Organics must be added to some technologies but concentrated in order for them to function properly (eboth nutrients and pathogens.g. composting chambers). Organic degradable material can include but is not limited to leavesDepending on the quality of the Faeces, grass and market wasteit has a soft or runny consistency.
====BlackwaterFaeces====
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Blackwater Faeces refers to (semi-solid) excrement that is the mixture of urine, faeces and flushwater along not mixed with anal cleansing Urine or water (if anal cleansing is practiced) and/or dry cleansing material (e.gDepending on diet, each person produces approximately 50 L per year of faecal matter. toilet paper)Fresh faeces contain about 80% water. Blackwater has all of the pathogens of faeces and all of Of the total nutrients of urineexcreted, Faeces contain about 12% N, 39% P, but diluted 26% K and have 107 to 109 faecal coliforms in flushwater100 mL.
====SludgeFlushwater====
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Sludge Flushwater is a mixture of solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and the water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash discharged into the User Interface to transport the content and/or various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from onsite sanitation technologies, i.e., clean it has not been transported through a sewer. It can be raw or partially digestedFreshwater, a slurry or semisolidrainwater, and results from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwaterrecycled Greywater, with or without Greywater. For a more detailed characterization any combination of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to the three can be used as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment processes. The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment that is required and the end-use possibilitiesa Flushwater source.
====ExcretaGreywater====
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Excreta consists Greywater is the total volume of urine water generated from washing food, clothes and faeces that is dishware, as well as from bathing, but not mixed with any flushing waterfrom toilets. It may contain traces of Excreta is small in volume(e.g., but concentrated in nutrients from washing diapers) and , therefore, also pathogens. Depending on the quality Greywater accounts for approximately 65% of the faeces it is solid, soft or runnywastewater produced in households with flush toilets.
====BrownwaterOrganics====
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Brownwater consists of faeces and flushwater Organics refers to biodegradable plant material (although organic waste) that must be added to some technologies in actual practice there is always some urineorder for them to function properly (e.g., Composting Chambers, as only 70–85% of the urine is divertedS.8). Brownwater Organic degradable material can include, but is generated by urine-diverting flush toilets not limited to, leaves, grass and therefore, the volume depends on the volume of the flushwater usedmarket waste. The pathogen and nutrient load of faeces is not reducedAlthough other products in this Compendium contain organic matter, only diluted by the flushwaterterm Organics refers to undigested plant material.
====Dried faecesPit Humus====
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Dried faeces are faeces Pit Humus is the term used to describe the nutrient- rich, hygienically improved, humic material that have been dehydrated at high temperatures is generated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6) through dewatering and high pH) until they become degradation. This earth-like product is also referred to as EcoHumus, a dryterm conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, sanitized powderdepending on the technology and operating conditions. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration The main difference between Pit Humus and this means Compost is that the dried faeces degradation processes are still rich in passive and are not subjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperature. Therefore, the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic material. Faeces will reduce in volume by around 75%matter content, can vary considerably. There is a small risk that some organisms Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be reactivated in the right environmentspresent.
====EffluentPre-Treatment Products====
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Effluent is the general term for liquid that has undergone some level of Pre-Treatment Products are materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and/or separation from various solids(e. It originates at either a Collection g. sand, fibres and trash), can impair transport and Storage/Treatment or a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Technologytreatment efficiency through clogging and wear. Depending on the type Therefore, early removal of treatment, these substances is crucial for the effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed durability ofa sanitation system.
====BiomassSludge====
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Biomass refers to plants or animals cultivated using the Sludge is a mixture of solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and water , in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or nutrients flowing various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from onsite sanitation technologies, i.e., it has not been transported through a sanitation systemsewer. The term Biomass may include fishIt can be raw or partially digested, insectsa slurry or semisolid, vegetablesand results from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, fruit, forage with or other beneficial crops that can be utilized for foodwithout Greywater. For a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., feed2014 (see Sector Development Tools, fibre p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment processes. The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment that is required and fuel productionthe end-use possibilities.
====Pit HumusStored Urine====
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Pit Humus Stored Urine is the term used to describe the nutrient- richUrine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, hygienically improved, humic material that is generated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6) through dewatering and degradationi. This earth-like product is also referred to as EcoHumus, a term conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwee. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, depending on the technology urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and operating conditionsbicarbonate. The main difference between Pit Humus and Compost is that the degradation processes are passive and are not subjected to Stored Urine has a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperaturepH of approximately 9. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. ThereforeAfter 6 months of storage, the rate risk of pathogen reduction transmission is generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerablyreduced. Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====BiogasStormwater====
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Biogas Stormwater is the common name general term for the mixture of gases released rainfall runoff collected from anaerobic digestionroofs, roads and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying land. Typically biogas It is comprised the portion of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water and other componentsrainfall that does not infiltrate into the soil.
====ForageUrine====
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Forage Urine is the liquid produced by the body to rid itself of urea and other waste products. In this context, the Urine product refers to aquatic or other plants pure Urine that grow in planted drying beds is not mixed with Faeces or constructed wetlands and may be harvested for feeding livestockwater. Depending on diet, human Urine collected from one person during one year (approx. 300 to 550 L) contains 2 to 4 kg of nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, Urine is sterile when it leaves the body.