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Jetting - general

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{{stub}}[[Image:Language-box|english_link= Jetting icon.png- general | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon |right]][[Image:Manually rotated jetting.jpgtamil_link= Coming soon |thumbkorean_link= Coming soon |rightchinese_link=水力喷射 — 综述 |250pxindonesian_link= Coming soon |Manually rotated jetting]]japanese_link= Coming soon }}[[Image:Typical drill bitJetting icon.jpg|thumbpng|right|250px|Typical drill bit80px]]__NOTOC__Jetting is also based on water circulation and water pressure. As opposed to sludging, water is pumped down the drill pipe and the ‘slurry’ (water and cuttings) is transported up the borehole between the drill pipe and the borehole wall. A motor pump is used to achieve an adequate water flow. The drill pipe may simply have an open end, or a drill bit can be added. Partial or full rotation of the drill pipe can be used. Thickeners (additives) can be added to the water in order to prevent hole collapse and reduce loss of working water (drill fluid).

Jetting is practiced in a wide range of varieties. The most simple consists of driving a plastic pipe down with water pressure from a motor pump (no drill bit and no rotation, with the water flow jetting the sand up). The depth is limited (no drill bit and extendable pipes). Other systems make use of extendable plastic or galvanized pipes and a drill bit and are rotated during drilling. With these systems greater depth can be reached.

===Suitable conditions ===[[Image:Manually rotated jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manually rotated jetting]][[Image:Typical drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Typical drill bit]] 

Suitable for weakly cohesive sands and silts. Manual jetting is generally used up to depths of 35 meters.

 {{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.<br>|convalign= "top" | - Generally limited to sandy soils. Soft clay will be penetrated only very slowly and coarse gravel and other highly permeable materials (cracks in the formation) cause loss of working water and cannot be drilled. The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>

- A large amount of working water needs to be available on the drilling location (several 200 liter drums/hour). The drilling and well installation needs to be done on the same day. Leaving the borehole open during the night has a high risk of collapsing.<br>

- The use of large quantities of water, the use of drilling fluids to greater depths and a motor pump make the equipment cost relatively high. <br>}|}

===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Jetting.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px|Jetting. Credit: WEDC.]]

All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.

==Costs== ==Field experiences===

Jetting is mainly used in Niger, Chad, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Kenya, Soudan, Benin, Sri Lanka and western countries.

==Reference manuals=Manuals, videos, and links===* Drilling & well construction reference manual, Lifewater Canada, update 2004 - Internet manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. - Website & download of technical notes: [http://www.lifewaterunicef.caorg/manualsmalawi/MLW_resources_qualityassureboreholes.htm * Drilling Wells by Hand, Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4 - Manual on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools - Websitepdf CONSULTANCY SERVICES: http://www.wellspringafrica.org  * Drilling water wells by hand, GWAM, Ghana - Manual on hydrogeology, well construction, Percussion, manufacturing toolsQUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI] UNICEF, implementation - Website & download: http://www2011.ghanamission.org

* Drilling & well construction reference manualRobert Vuik, Lifewater Canada, update 2004 [http://www.practica.org/wp- Internet manual on hydrogeologycontent/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, well construction, all drilling techniquesTECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING]. Practica Foundation, hand pumps and moreJune 2010. - Website & download of technical notesFrench version: [http://www.lifewaterpractica.caorg/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/manualsJetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU].htm

* Wells Construction [http: Hand dug and Hand drilled, Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980 - Manual //www.lifewater.ca/resources.htm Lifewater Resources] on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, manufacturing tools - Website: http://wwwhand pumps and more.peacecorpsLifewater Canada, update 2004.gov

* Self-help wells, R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985 - Internet manual on hydrogeology, well constructions, all drilling techniques - Website & download of technical notes: [http://www.faowellspringafrica.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00 Manuals] on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.HTM

* Shallow Wells, DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978 - Manual on hydrogeology, well construction, auger drilling, machine drilling - Website: [http://wwwghanawashproject.dhvorg/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/36_Conference_Paper_Manual-Drilling_Ghana_Naugle-1.pdf Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana.] Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.nl

* Human-Powered Drilling Technologies, Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005 - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies - Website & download: [http://wwwdocs.silsoewatsan.cranfield.ac.uknet/iweScanned_PDF_Files/projectsClass_Code_2_Water/lcdrilling212.5-79WE-7794-1.pdf Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled.] Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.

* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - Website: [http://www.skatfao.chorg/publications Download: http:docrep/X5567E/wwwx5567e00.HTM Self-help wells.] R.G.rwsnKoegel, FAO 1985.ch/documentation

* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - Website & download of technical notes: [http://www.faoworldcat.org/docreptitle/shallow-wells/W7314E0voclc/008463099 Shallow Wells.] DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.htm

* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods - Website & download: [http://www.lborowatersanitationhygiene.ac.ukorg/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/wellDrilling/recourcesHand%20Drilled%20Boreholes/technicalHuman%20Powered%20Drilling%20%28Cranfield%20University%29.pdf Human-briefs Powered Drilling Technologies.] Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.

* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation - Website & download: [http://www.unicefrural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps.] Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.org

* Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies - Website & download of technical notes: [http://www.wateraidfao.org/ukdocrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa.] M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.

* Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques - Website: [http://www.usaidlboro.gov ac.uk/well/resources/technical- Download: http:briefs//www43-simple-drilling-methods.engrpdf Technical note 43.psuSimple drilling methods.edu/ce/hydro/hill/teaching/rural] Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.html

* Borehole and hand pump implementation, operation and maintenance, Connect International, 2004 - A manual for field staff of NGO’s - Website: [http://www.connectinternationalunicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series.] UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.nl

* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military - Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - Website: [http://www.globalsecuritywateraid.org /documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2011.pdf Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes.] WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.

* Understanding low-cost Well Drilling, Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Technical paper on low-cost well drilling techniques - Website: [http://www.enterpriseworkslifewater.org /resources/rws2/rws2d3.pdf Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells.] USAID 1982 - Developing groundwater and manual drilling techniques.

* Rural Water Supply Network - Useful network and website for information and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - [http://www.rwsnenterpriseworks.org/display.cfm?id=5&sub=23&cont=60 Understanding low-cost Well Drilling.] Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.ch

* Cranfield University, low cost water well section - Section Lots of articles on private sector participation in low cost water well drilling in Africa - [http://www.silsoerural-water-supply.cranfield.ac.uknet/en/iweimplementation/projectsmanual-drilling/lcdrilling well-jetting-washboring-or-hand-turning Jetting.] Rural Water Supply Network.

* [http://www.pat-drill.com PAT-Drill ] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines – http://www.pat-drill.com

* [http://www.lonestarbit.com Lone Star Bit ] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines - http://www.lonestarbit.com

* [http://www.deeprock.com Deep Rock ] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines- http://www.deeprock.com

* [http://www.drillingfab.com Drillingfab .] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines - http://www.drillingfab.com

===Acknowledgements===

* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.

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