[[Image:Handpump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Liquid Gold - Children in the Central African Republic pump clean water from underground. Photo: Marielle van Uitert.]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
Many different kinds of handpumps are frequently installed on hand-dug wells and boreholes in rural areas, including many drought-prone areas. They facilitate a contamination-free method to extract water. Most pumps are positive displacement pumps and have reciprocating pistons or plungers.
'''Suction pumps'''<br>
[[Image:rower pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The Rower Pump is a suction pump in which the piston is directly activated. Photo: [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/handpumppublic-overviewdomain-handpumps/rower-pump RWSN.]]]
In a suction pump, the cylinder is above the water table, usually near the top of the pump head. The rising main extends below the water table. When the pump is operated, during the upwards stroke it appears that water gets “sucked up” through the rising main into the cylinder. In fact, the atmospheric pressure forces the water into the area of low pressure underneath the piston. The theoretical limit to which the atmospheric pressure can push up water is 10 metres (m). In practice, suction pumps can be used to lift water up to about 7 or 8 m.
'''Lever Action handpump'''<br>
[[Image:bush pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Bush pump is a lever action pump that can handle heavier usage by many people. Photo: [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/handpumppublic-overviewdomain-handpumps/bush-pump RWSN.]]]
Most deep-well handpumps are of the lever action type. The increased length of the water column in deep boreholes requires more effort to draw water and the lever of the handle makes the operation easier. Besides the conventional handle, there are also pump designs, which use a flywheel to operate a crankshaft for transforming the rotation into an up-and-down movement.
Handpumps should be installed only when a viable sustainable handpump option has been shown to work in the area. Depending on pump standardization in the country and depth of the water table, it is preferable to choose simple technologies that do not need specialist parts and that are repairable locally. The rural poor prefer to have cheaper, shorter-life technologies despite the need to maintain them more frequently.
'''Commercial Trademarks:''' [[Volanta Afripump / Blue pump]], Kardia, [[Vergnet Hydro]], Bluepump (also known as the Afripump)
'''Public Domain conventional lever action:''' [[Afridev pump]], [[India Mark 2 and 3]], [[Indus pump]], [[Kabul pump]], [[Pamir pump]], [[Jibon pump]], [[U3M pump]], and [[Walami pump]].
The Afridev handpump was developed during the course of the project to embody all of the VLOM design principles. Production began in Kenya in 1985 and modifications were made after field trials in Kwale in Southern Kenya.
Improvements continue to be made. SKAT Skat (Swiss Resource Centre and Consultancies for Development Co-operation in Technology and Management) acts as a repository for the design drawings and specifications for the benefit of users and manufacturers of the handpumps.
===Costs===
===Field experiences===
Tests were done on some handpumps that are documented in [http://wwwdocuments.googleworldbank.comorg/curated/en/1992/10/699553/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.org%2FUserFiles%2Ffile%2F418200734405_handpumps.pdf&ei=ESKHT7WlOtDRiAKv_qzYDw&usg=AFQjCNHavJgwIhMHXPdby7OV5PiucVAhandpumps-toward-sustainable-technology-research-development-during-water-supply-sanitation-3Q&sig2=mDpXSceP1rKcazbdG9RBNg decade A Sustainable Technology: Research and Development During Water Supply and Sanitation Decade], by UNDP - World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. Refer to the following pages of this document:
'''Kenya''' - The Afridev Handpump p. 80-84. <br>
====Akvo RSR Projects====
The following project(s) projects utilize handpumps.
<br>
{{RSR_table|1image=project 897.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/897/ |1project#=897 |1project name=Behsee Town <br>Well Restoration ||2image=project 898.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/898/ |2project#=898 |2project name=Lebeh Well <br>Restoration ||3image=project 900.png |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/902/ |3project#=902 |3project name=Tomah Town <br>Well Restoration ||4image=project 1112.png |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1112/ |4project#=1112 |4project name=Child Friendly School WASH Project II ||5image=project 1366.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1366/ |5project#=1366 |5project name=Rural Boreholes and Rehabilitation 1 |}}{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 6040%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"
|- style="vertical-align: top"
|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]
|- style="vertical-align: bottom"
|[[Image:project 8971367.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/8971367/ RSR Project 8971367]<br>Behsee Town Panta District <br>Well Restoration</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/897/ ]] |[[Image:project 898.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/898/ RSR Rural Water Project 898]<br>Lebeh Well <br>Restoration1</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/8981367/ ]] |[[Image:project 9001381.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/9021381/ RSR Project 9021381]<br>Tomah Town Health & WASH <br>Well RestorationBHP Billiton Work Area 1</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/9021381/ ]]
|}
===Manuals, videos and links===
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/public-domain-handpumps RWSN: Comprehensive information on community handpumps, including manuals and specifications for Afridev, Indian India Mark II/III and Tara pumps]
* [http://www.practica.org/products/pumps/ Pumps]. Different kinds of pumps. [http://www.akvo.org/rsr/organisation/15/ PRACTICA Foundation].
===Acknowledgements===
* SKAT Skat, Switzerland, [http://artplatformwww.unicef.org/washsupply/UNICEF_WASH_Technology_webindex_54301.pdf WASH html Technology Information Packages – for UNICEF WASH Programme and Supply Personnel]. UNICEF, 2010.* Brikke, François, and Bredero, Maarten. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fhygiene%2Fom%2Flinkingintro/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/linkingintro.pdf&ei=cwJpT-zaO-OiiQKCst2rBw&usg=AFQjCNEWOQhTgF3a7lzhuw5OA2KmbVGxcA&sig2=Rt2EURUyGVqDcwFg6p0xAw Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staff]. World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre. Geneva, Switzerland 2003.
* Szánto, Gábor L. et al. Drinking Water Decision Support Tool. [http://www.akvo.org/rsr/organisation/15/ PRACTICA Foundation]. 2011.
* CARE Nederland, Desk Study Resilient WASH systems in drought prone areas. October 2010.
* [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/sustainable_technologies/technology_notes/244.asp Technology Notes: Handpumps]. WaterAid.
* Reynolds, John, [http://www.googlewsp.comorg/sites/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.org%2FUserFiles%2Ffile%2F418200734405_handpumps/files/publications/418200734405_handpumps.pdf&ei=ESKHT7WlOtDRiAKv_qzYDw&usg=AFQjCNHavJgwIhMHXPdby7OV5PiucVA-3Q&sig2=mDpXSceP1rKcazbdG9RBNg A Sustainable Technology: Research and Development During Water Supply and Sanitation Decade]. UNDP - World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, 1992.
* [http://www.ropepump.com/ The Rope Pump]. ropepump.com