<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Fish Pond|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Acuacultura|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys6=|
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pic=Aquaculture_ponds.png|
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Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|
Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Aquaculture_Ponds|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque de Acuacultura
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[[Image:Icon_aquaculture.png |right|95px80px]] '''Aquaculture refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; this technology sheet refers exclusively to the raising of fish while the following page on [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|Floating Macrophytes]] addresses the cultivation of plants. Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feedingThe fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.'''
Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist:
* Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludgeeffluent; * Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with effluentexcreta/sludge; and* fish grown directly in [[Aerated Pond|aerobic ponds]] (T.5 or T.6).
* Fish grown directly in introduced into aerobic pondscan effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and [[Floating Plant Pond|floating plants]] (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operatingconditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens.
===Design Considerations=== The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge , it is important to limit the additions such so that aerobic conditions are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1g1 g/m2d m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4mg4 mg/L. Fish introduced to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control mosquito populations.
The Only fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditions, up to 10,000kg/ha tolerant of fish can low dissolved oxygen levels should be harvestedchosen. If the fish are They should not acceptable for human consumption, be carnivores and they can should be a valuable source tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successfully used, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and chickens.suitability
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{{procontable | pro=
- Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating costs should be offset by production revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked. <br> - Requires abundance of fresh water. freshwater <br> - Requires a large land (pond) area. <br> - May require expert design and installation.<br>- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== A fish pond is only appropriate where there is a sufficient amount of land (or pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible because of its toxicity to fish. This technology is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation.
A fish pond is only appropriate when ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Where there is a sufficient amount no other source of land (or preexisting pond)readily available protein, a source of fresh water and a suitable climatethis technology may be embraced. The water that is used to dilute quality and condition of the waste should not fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be too warmconcern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and the ammonia levels should be kept low or negligibleprepared. Only fish that If they are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and cooked well, they should be tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successfulsafe, but it is advisable to move the specific choice will depend fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on local preference wastewater and suitability. This technology is only appropriate excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, detailed information and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporationspecific guidance.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance=Operation & Maintenance===The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
Where there is no other source of readily available protein===References===* Cross, this technology may be embracedP. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptanceStrauss, M. (1985). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/352.0-86HE-6547. There may be concern with contamination pdf Health Aspects of the fish, especially during the harvesting, cleaning Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and preparation of the fishAquaculture]. If it is cooked well it should be safeInternational Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumptionDübendorf, CH.
==Maintenance==* Edwards, P. and Pullin, R. S. V. (Eds.) (1990). Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Calcutta, IN. (Book compilation of topical papers)
The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age* Iqbal, S. (1999). [https:/size/www. Sometimes after harvestingsusana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (bDepartment Sandec) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond, Dübendorf, CH.
==Acknowledgements=={{* Johnson Cointreau, S. (1987). [https:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}//www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/351.1-4910.pdf Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater: A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project]. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. 1987.
==References and external links==* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). [https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/aquaculture/en/ Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture]. WHO Technical Report Series 883. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
* CointreauMara, SD., et alD. (19872003). Aquaculture with treated wastewater[https: a status report on studies conducted in Lima, Perú//www. Technical Note 3pseau. UNDPorg/World Bankoutils/ouvrages/earthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries]. Earthscan, Washington D.CLondon, UK. USApp. 1987253-261.
* CrossRose, PG. and Strauss, MD. (19851999). Health Aspects of Nightsoil [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Sludge Use in -publications/library/details/2997 Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture and Aquaculture]. International Reference Development Research Centre for Waste Disposal(IDRC), DübendorfOttawa, SwitzerlandCA.
* Edwards, PWHO (2006). and Pullin, RSV[https://www. (eds) (1990)who. int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture, Excreta and Greywater. ProceedingsVolume 3: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Excreta Use in Aquaculture]. World Health Organization, CalcuttaGeneva, IndiaCH. (Compilation of topical papers)
* Iqbal, S[http://www. (1999)who. Duckweed Aquacultureint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment -health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries. Sandec, Dübendorf, Switzerland.health - 2018]
* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 883. Available: http://www.who.int * Mara, DD. (2004). Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Earthscan, London. pp 253–261. * Polprasert, C., et al. (2001). Wastewater Treatment II, Natural Systems for Wastewater Management. Lecture Notes. IHE, Delft. Available: http://www.who.int (Chapter 8 - Aquaculture and Reuse Aspects). * Rose, GD. (1999). Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: options for urban agriculture. IDRC Ottawa. Available: http://idrinfo.idrc.ca===Acknowledgements===* Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. (1993). Duckweed aquaculture: A new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available: http{{://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08875.htm (Comprehensive manual)Acknowledgements Sanitation}}