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Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|
Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Aquaculture_Ponds|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Acuacultura
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'''Aquaculture refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; this technology sheet refers exclusively to the raising of fish while the following page on [[Floating Plant - Macrophyte - Pond|Floating Macrophytes]] addresses the cultivation of plants. Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feedingThe fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.'''
Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist:
* Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludgeeffluent; * Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with effluentexcreta/sludge; and* fish grown directly in [[Aerated Pond|aerobic ponds]] (T.5 or T.6).
===Design Considerations=== The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge , it is important to limit the additions such so that aerobic conditions are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1g1 g/m2d m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4mg4 mg/L. Fish introduced to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control mosquito populations.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating costs should be offset by production revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked. <br> - Requires abundance of fresh water. freshwater <br> - Requires a large land (pond) area. <br> - May require expert design and installation.<br>- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness=== A fish pond is only appropriate when where there is a sufficient amount of land (or preexisting pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water that is used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonia ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible. Only fish that are tolerant because of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant its toxicity to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successful, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitabilityfish. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern with contamination of the fish, especially during the harvesting, cleaning and preparation of the fish. If it is cooked well it should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption.
===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and prepared. If they are cooked well, they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.
===Operation & Maintenance=== The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===References===
* Cross, P. and Strauss, M. (1985). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/352.0-86HE-6547.pdf Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH.
* CointreauEdwards, SP.and Pullin, et alR. (1987)S. [http://wwwV.kit.nl/library/query.ashx?RecordID=108222 Aquaculture with treated wastewater: a status report on studies conducted in Lima, Perú]. Technical Note 3. UNDP/World Bank, Washington D.C. USA. 1987. * Cross, P. and Strauss, M(Eds. ) (19851990). [http://books.google.com/books/about/Health_Aspects_of_Nightsoil_and_Sludge_U.html?id=LsGwGAAACAAJ Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture]. Proceedings: International Reference Centre Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Waste DisposalAquaculture, DübendorfCalcutta, SwitzerlandIN.(Book compilation of topical papers)
* EdwardsIqbal, P. and Pullin, RSVS. (eds) (19901999). [httphttps://www.bvsde.pahosusana.org/bvsacden/cd68knowledge-hub/advanced.pdf Wastewaterresources-and-Fed publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Reclamation Treatment and Reuse for AquacultureAnimal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), CalcuttaDübendorf, India]. Compilation of topical papersCH.
* IqbalJohnson Cointreau, S. (19991987). [httphttps://www.eawagircwash.chorg/forschungsites/sandecdefault/publikationenfiles/wra/dl/duckweed351.1-4910.pdf Duckweed Aquaculture-Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined with Treated Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production : A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Developing CountriesLima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project]. SandecThe World Bank, DübendorfWashington, SwitzerlandD.C., US. 1987.
* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). [httphttps://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_managementaquaculture/en/aquaculture.pdf Food safety issues associated Safety Issues Associated with products Products from aquacultureAquaculture]. World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series No. 883. Available: http://www.whoWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH.int
* Mara, DDD. D. (20042003). [httphttps://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/earthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries]. Earthscan, London, UK. pp 253–261. 253-261.
* PolprasertRose, CG., et alD. (20011999). [httphttps://www.whosusana.int org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2997 Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment II, Natural Systems and Reuse: Options for Wastewater ManagementUrban Agriculture]. Lecture Notes. IHEInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Delft. Chapter 8 - Aquaculture and Reuse AspectsCA.
* Rose, GD. WHO (19992006). [httphttps://www.pseauwho.orgint/outilswater_sanitation_health/ouvragespublications/crdi_community_based_technologies_for_domestic_wastewater_treatment_and_reuse_options_for_urban_agriculture_1999.pdf Community-Based Technologies gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for Domestic the Safe Use of Wastewater Treatment , Excreta and ReuseGreywater. Volume 3: options for urban agricultureWastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture]. [ http://idrinfo.idrc.ca IDRC Ottawa]World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
* Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. (1993). [http://infohousewww.p2ricwho.orgint/water_sanitation_health/publications/refguidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/09en/08875.htm Duckweed aquacultureWHO: A new aquatic farming system for developing countriesGuidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]. World Bank, Washington, DC.
===Acknowledgements===
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