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Communal Latrines

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Acknowledgements
[[Image:latrine.png|thumb|right|200px|A communal latrine.]]
[[Image:latrine2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Photo: [http://www.globalhealthhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/5df249b7Toilet-Day.jpg globalhealthhub.org]]]
This article covers the topic of communal latrines, also called institutional or school latrines. Much of the material in this article is based on project successes in the Sudan. This is a portion of the document of Technical Guidelines, outlining best practices for the development of the 14 types of water supply and sanitation facilities in the Sudan. Several of them are communal (multi-user) latrines.
===Design and construction===
* For each health institution, ensure one sanitary latrine for 50 users, with a minimum of 3 squatting slabs; one for women, one for men and a separate one for the staff. A minimum space of width of 1.50m and length of 1.50m should be provided for every squatting space.
* Pits can be rectangular or circular, based on the soil type: Circular pits in loose formation and rectangular pits in hard and stable formation.
* Although a minimum distance of 15m is allowed in other countries, in Sudan it is recommended that pits are located at a minimum distance of 30 to 50 meters away from drinking water sources (tube wells and hand dug wells) depending on soil condition. The distance depends on hydro-geological conditions such as texture of the soil and groundwater depth and flow.
* When groundwater levels are high or when the soil is too hard to dig, the pit may have to be raised above ground level.
* Hand washing facilities must be provided beside each latrine in every rural health institution.
====Volume of the pit====
[[Image:latrine hole.png|thumb|right|200px|A pit dug for a latrine should be lined if it is in unstable soil.]]
Pits can be rectangular or circular. The volume of the pit may be calculated from the equation:
The factor 0.3 has been introduced taking into considerations that such latrines are not going to be used during certain hours of the day, and a factor 0.75 has been introduced as the pit is to be emptied or filled with earth when the level of the waste in the pit has a free space of one quarter of a meter from the squatting level.
<br>[[Image:communal latrine drawing.png|thumb|none|600px900px|A plan Two different styles (amongst several) for a multi-user latrine.]] <br>
===Superstructure===
'''ITP Latrine:''' The installation of a vent pipe outside of the superstructure is recommended to minimize the odour of foul gases from the pit. The vent pipe can be a PVC pipe of minimum diameter 100mm and should be dark in colour. The vent pipe should extend a minimum of 500mm – 1000 mm above the highest part of the roof, and the top should be covered with mesh wire.
 
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{| style="border: 1px solid #DB87C9; background-color: #EDEDED;"
|<font size="3">Read about more technical guidelines in the [http://washinschoolsmapping.com/wengine/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Sudan-KhartoumTechnGuidelinesRuralHealthLatrines.pdf full PDF document], including mobilizing stakeholders, latrine selection, and management of the latrines.</font>
|}
 
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===Field experiences===
The following projects are building or using communal, institutional, or school latrines.
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|- style="vertical-align: top"
|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]
|- style="vertical-align: bottom"
|[[Image:project 922.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/922/ RSR Project 922]<br>WaterAid Rural <br>WASH Project</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/922/ ]]
|[[Image:project 1374.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1374/ RSR Project 1374]<br>Integrated Community <br>Water and Hygiene</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1374/ ]]
|[[Image:project 195.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/195/ RSR Project 195]<br>Basic Sanitation <br>for Loja Province</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/195/ ]]
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===Links===
[https://www.unicef.org/cholera/Chapter_9_community/19_Interagency-Excreta_disposal_in_emergencies.pdf 5.7 Communal aqua-privies.] UNICEF.
===Acknowledgements===
* [https://www.medbox.org/preview/539164aa-e26c-443f-841b-5b821fcc7b89/doc.pdf Technical Guidelines For the Construction and Management of Rural Health Institution Latrines: A Manual for Field Staff and Practitioners]. UNICEF. April 2009.
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