<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and inputcomposting|french_link=Co-output tables -->Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}
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sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Co-composting|french_link=Co-Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje
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<br>----<br> [[Image:Icon_co-composting.png |right|95px80px]]'''Co-Composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics using more than one materials (Faecal sludge and Organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e. it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product. For dewatered sludges, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge to solid waste.'''
[[Image:'''Co-compostingis the controlled aerobic degradation of organics, using more than one feedstock (faecal sludge and organic solid waste).PNG|thumb|right|150px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]]Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content, while biodegradable solid waste is high in Yemen organic carbon and has good bulking properties (for creditsi.e., it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, click the picture)]]benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product.'''
===Open co[[Image:Co-composting===There are two types of .PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Co-Composting designs: open and incomposting |Co-vessel. In open composting]], the mixed material in Yemen (sludge and solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are turned periodically to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. Windrow piles should be at least 1m highfor credits, and should be insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside click the pile. Depending on the climate and available space, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and protection from rain.picture)]]
To adequately treat excreta together with other organic materials <br>There are two types of co-composting designs: open and in windrows-vessel. In open composting, the WHO mixed material (1989sludge and solid waste) recommends active windrow cois piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are periodically turned to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. In-vessel composting with other organic materials requires controlled moisture and air supply, as wellas mechanical mixing. Therefore, it is not generally appropriate for one month at 55decentralized facilities. Although the composting process seems like a simple, passive technology, a well-60°C, followed by two to four months curing functioning facility requires careful planning and design to stabilise the compost. This achieves an acceptable level of pathogen kill for targeted health valuesavoid failure.
===In-vessel co-compostingDesign Considerations===In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and air supplyfaecal sludge to minimize transport costs, as well as mechanical mixingbut still at a distanceaway from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances. ThereforeDepending on the climate and available space, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilitiesthe facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. Although the composting process seems like For dewatered sludge, a simple, passive technology, ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a well-working facility requires careful planning ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and design insulated with compost or soil to avoid failurepromote an even distribution of heat inside the pile.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Through co-composting, a useful and safe end product is generated that combines nutrients and organic material. <br>- Easy Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- High A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Toilet paper is decomposed <br>- Low capital cost; low and operating cost <br>- Potential for local job creation and income generation costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- limited control of vectors and pest attraction <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Lower cost variants requires a large land area (which Compost is well located)too bulky to be economically transported over long distances
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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== A Coco-Composting composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Mixed solid Solid waste with containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done carefully, Coco-Composting composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial soil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. Apart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the product that is (from paying customers). In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-controlled thermophilic process. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe to touch and work with. It Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a good way proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation andmaintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored. Turning must be periodically done with either a front-end loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e., small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce the pathogen load in sludgemanual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product.
Depending on the climate (rainfall, temperature ===References and wind) the Co-Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditions. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge (to minimize transport) but to minimize nuisances, it should not be too close to homes and businesses. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility.external links===
Adding excreta* Hoornweg, especially urineD., to household organics produces compost with a higher nutrient value Thomas, L. and Otten, L. (N-P-K2000) than compost produced only from kitchen . [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting and garden wastesIts Applicability in Developing Countries]. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Co-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiencyUS.
==Health Aspects* Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007). [https://ocw.un-ihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Acceptance== Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when handling the faecal sludgeHelminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007. Workers should wear protective clothing pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dustyCo-Composting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19): 4397-4402.
==Upgrading== Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste * Obeng, L. A. and Wright, F. W. (i1987).e[https://www. small branches ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Obeng-1987-Domestic.pdf Integrated Resource Recovery. The Co-Composting of Domestic Solid and coconut shells) Human Wastes]. The World Bank and pile turners help to optimize the processUNDP, reduce manual labourWashington, and ensure a more homogenous end productD.C., US.
==Maintenance== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio* Rouse, J., Rothenberger, moisture S. and oxygen contentZurbrügg, C. If facilities exist(2008): Marketing Compost, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilizationGuide for Compost Producers in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materialsEawag (Department Sandec), keep track of the inflowsDübendorf, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality productCH.:Available at: [http://www. Manual turning must be done periodically with either a front-end loader or by handsandec. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled and monitoredch sandec.ch]
==Acknowledgements=={{* Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}//www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
==References * Strauss, M., Drescher, S., Zurbrügg, C., Montangero, A., Cofie, O. and external links==Drechsel, P. (2003). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1548 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]. A Literature and State-of-Knowledge Review. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH and IWMI, Accra, GH.
* Cofie, O., et al. (2006). Solid–liquid separation of faecal Sludge using drying beds in Ghana: Implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture. Water Research 40(1): 75–82. ===Acknowledgements===* Koné, D., et al. (2007). Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal Sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. Water Research 41(19){{: 4397–4402. * Obeng, LA. and Wright, FW. (1987). Integrated Resource Recover. The Co-Composting of Domestic Sold and Human Wastes. The World Bank + UNDP, Washington. * Shuval, HI., et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Acknowledgements Sanitation; Night-soil Composting. UNDP/WB Contribution to the IDWSSD. The World Bank, Washington. The following reports can all be found in the Faecal Sludge Co-Composting section of the Sandec Website: www.sandec.ch * Montangero, A., et al. (2002). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Soil Waste. Sandec/IWMI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Strauss, M., et al. (2003). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste- A Literature and State-of- Knowledge Review. Sandec/IMWI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Drescher. S., Zurbrügg, C., Enayetullah, I. and Singha, MAD. (2006). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries - A User’s Manual. Eawag/Sandec and Waste Concern, Dhaka.}}