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sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:CoIcon_co-composting.PNG|thumbpng |right|150px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)80px]]
'''Co-Composting composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics , using more than one feedstock (Faecal faecal sludge and Organic organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content , while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e. , it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product. For dewatered sludges, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge to solid waste.'''
<br>There are two types of co-composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the mixed material (sludge and solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are periodically turned to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, as well as mechanical mixing. Therefore, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. Although the composting process seems like a simple, passive technology, a well-working functioning facility requires careful planning and design to avoid failure.
===Design Considerations===
The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge to minimize transport costs, but still at a distance
away from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances. Depending on the climate and available space, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. For dewatered sludge, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pile.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Easy Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- High A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Low capital cost; low and operating cost <br>- Potential for local job creation and income generation costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Requires large land area (that Compost is well located)too bulky to be economically transported over long distances
}}
==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== A Coco-Composting composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Mixed solid Solid waste with containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done carefully, Coco-Composting composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial product that is safe to touch and work with. It is a good way to reduce the pathogen load in sludge. Depending on the climate (rainfall, temperature and wind) the Co-Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditionssoil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge (to minimize transport) but to minimize nuisances, it should not be too close to homes and businesses. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when handling the faecal sludge. Workers should wear protective clothing and appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dusty. ==Upgrading== Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e. small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product. ==Maintenance== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materials, keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Manual turning must be done periodically with either a front-end loader or by hand. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled and monitored.
Apart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the product (from paying customers). In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-controlled thermophilic process.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe to touch and work with. Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important.
===Operation & Maintenance===
The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and
maintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled
and monitored.
Turning must be periodically done with either a front-end loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e., small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product.
* Hoornweg, D., Thomas, L. and Otten, L. (2000). [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting and Its Applicability in Developing Countries]. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US.
* Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007). [https://ocw.un-ihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and Co-Composting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19): 4397-4402.
* Operation costs US$ 5Rouse, J., Rothenberger, S. and Zurbrügg, C. (2008): Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and Middle-30 /ton composted material Income Countries. Eawag (costs are higher on smaller sitesDepartment Sandec), Dübendorf, CH. * Capital costs - Depend on scale, space available, and design choices:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec. ch]