The filter candles are from India, China, Indonesia or Brazil. Layer 1 is made from clay which is fired to attain a fine pore structure. The size of these pores differ. But the Brazil Stefani candles can stop any particles / bacteria larger than 0,5 micrometer. The second layer is impregnated with colloidal silver on the inside and outside which deactivates bacteria. In layer 3, it is filled up with activated carbon. This is a material that has huge potential to adsorb. Contaminants slide into the holes of this honeycomb and hold fast. thereby it can hold iron, chlorine, odour and colour.
==Suitable conditions ==
{{procontable | pro=
- Low flow rate; but if it could be filled before going to sleep, there will be 8 litres of water. And if filled 3 times a day, it could produce 24 litres enough for family consumption. <br>
}}
==History and social context==
==Suitable conditions ==
{{Potential_Treatment_Capacity_table
| process= surface and depth filtration, silver inactivation and adsorption
| watcrit= Contaminated fresh water
}}
==Technical specificationConstruction, operations and maintenance== ====Operation====
When new candles are used, don’t consume the first 5 litres for drinking water. Do not clean the unit and candles every day. Filter candles need to be cleaned when flow rate is very low. Use some water an a piece of cloth to rub the dirt off the candles. Never use soap or other detergents. If the dirt has penetrated the outer layers of the ceramics, scrapping off the outer layer is needed. This can be done by using hard brush. Take care that no crack is introduced. Once a crack is created the water is no longer safe.
Complete user’s directions are provided when unit is purchased. Motivational campaigns, extensive training or other instructions could optimize health benefits, reduce failures, and improve the longevity and sustainability of the intervention
====Maintenance====
The design of steel vessels are very robust. As long as proper O&M is conducted, no real damage should occur. However, candles need to be handled more cautiously especially during maintenance.
====Manufacturing====
Local entrepreneur Water4Life.
Field testing in 17 villages throughout the Mpongwe District, Zambia in 2009; commissioned by Water4Lifes.
Six months intervention study in a rural community near Cochabamba, Bolivia in 2003 [2].
Local manufacturer or local trading group is supported by Water4life.
====Maintenance====
The design of steel vessels are very robust. As long as proper O&M is conducted, no real damage should occur. However, candles need to be handled more cautiously especially during maintenance.
====Estimated Lifespan====
As for the steel vessels, they will easily last 10 years.
==CostCosts==
{{Treatment_Cost2
[a] based on the Water4life filter; include production cost, training and education of users and manufacturers .[b] based on the filter system used in Charinco. Assuming daily usage of 25 litres/system. [c] price in India with 1 nanosilver candle [d] metal design water purifier with one candle [e] plastic water purifier consists of two plastic buckets that cost €1 each, a tap costs €0,30 and one candle. For all filters, extra carbon cartridge cost €1,30
==Country Field experiences== ==Manuals==
==MoviesReference manuals, videos, links==
==Acknowledgements==
==References==
* http://www.solarsolutions.info/main.html
{{Joinus}}