<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Application_of_Sludge|french_link=Epandage_de_boues|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Lodos_al_Terreno|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}
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sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Pour Flush Biogas System with Twin Pits|35]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
sys7=|
sys8=|
sys9=|
pic=Land_application_of_sludge.png|
ApplHousehold=|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Land_Application_of_Sludge|french_link=Epandage_de_boues|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Lodos_al_Terreno
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[[Image:Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png |right|95px]]<br>'''Digested or stabilized Faecal Sludge is refered to as ‘Biosolids’. Depending on the quality of the biosolids, they can be applied to public or private lands, for landscaping or for agriculture.'''----<br>
The USEPA defines different levels of biosolids depending on the treatment and quality, and therefore the health risk. Class A biosolids (i.e. biosolids that can be sold for public use) can be used with nearly no restrictions[[Image:Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png |right|80px]]
Please consult '''Depending on the guidelines for specific use criteria. Biosolids can be used in agriculture, home gardening, forestry, sod treatment type and turf growing, landscaping, parks, golf courses, mine reclamation, dump coverquality, digested or erosion control. Although biosolids have lower nutrient levels than commercial fertilizers (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively), they stabilized sludge can be used applied to replace part public or all of commercial fertilizers that are usedprivate lands for landscaping or agriculture.'''
<br>Sludge that has been treated (e.g., [[Co-composting|Co-Composted]] or removed from a [[Planted Drying Beds|Planted Drying Bed]], etc.) can be used in agriculture, home gardening, forestry, sod and turf growing, landscaping, parks, golf courses, mine reclamation, as a dump cover, or for erosion control. Although sludge has lower nutrient levels than commercial fertilizers (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively), it can replace an important part of the fertilizer need. Additionally, biosolids have treated sludge has been found to have properties that are superior to those of fertilizers, such as bulking properties, and water retention properties , and the slow, steady release of nutrients.
Biosolids ===Design Considerations=== Solids are spread on the ground surface using conventional manure spreaders, tank trucks or specially designed vehicles. More liquid biosolids Liquid sludge(e.g. , from anaerobic reactors) can be sprayed onto, or injected into, the ground. Dewatered biosolids may be ‘flung’Application rates and usage of sludge should take intoaccount the presence of pathogens and contaminants, which and the quantity of nutrients available so that it is most common in forestsused at a sustainable and agronomic rate.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Can accelerate reforestation. <br> - Can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve the water retention -holding capacity of soils. soil <br>- Can accelerate reforestation <br> - Can reduce erosion. <br> - Low cost. costs | con=- May pose public health risk, depending on the quality and application. <br> - Odours are normally may be noticeable (, depending on prior treatment). <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - May pose public health risks, depending on its quality and application <br>- Micropollutants may accumulate in the soil and contaminate groundwater.<br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== Although sludge is sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels of metals or contaminants, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated to varying degrees, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metals. Faecal sludge from pit latrines should not have any chemical inputs and is, therefore, not a high risk source of heavy metal contamination. Sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely to be contaminated since it receives industrial and domestic chemicals, as well as surface water runoff,which may contain hydrocarbons and metals. Depending on the source, sludge can serve as a valuable and often much-needed source of nutrients. Application of sludge on land may be less expensive than disposal. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The greatest barrier to the use of sludge is, generally, acceptance. However, even when sludge is not accepted by agriculture orlocal industries, it can still be useful for municipal projects and can actually provide significant savings (e.g., mine reclamation). Depending on the source of the sludge and on the treatment method, it can be treated to a level where it is generally safe and no longer generates significant odour or vector problems. Following appropriate safety and application regulations is important. WHO guidelineson excreta use in agriculture should be consulted for detailed information.
Although biosolids are sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels of metals or contaminants, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated ===Operation & Maintenance=== Spreading equipment must be maintained to varying degrees, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metalsensure continued use. Faecal sludge from pit latrines has no, if any, chemical inputs The amount and is therefore not a high risk source rate of contamination. Faecal sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely application should be monitoredto be contaminated since it receives industrial prevent overloading and domestic chemicals, as well as surface water run-off which may contain hydrocarbons and metals. Depending on thus, the sludge source, biosolids can serve as a valuable and often much-needed source of nutrientspotential for nutrient pollution. Land application of biosolids may be less expensive than disposalWorkers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
Application rates ===References and usages for biosolids should take into account not only the presence of pathogens external links===* Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and contaminantsBrdjanovic, but also the quantity of nutrients such that they are spread at a sustainable D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and ‘agronomic’ rate-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Appropriate safety Systems Approach for Implementation and application regulations should be followedOperation].IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
==Health Aspects* U.S. EPA (1999). [https:/Acceptance==/www.epa.gov/biosolids/biosolids-generation-use-and-disposal-united-states Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States]. EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., US.
The greatest barrier * U.S. EPA (1994). [https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/plain-english-guide-epa-part-503-biosolids-rule A Plain English Guide to biosolid use is generally acceptancethe EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule]. HoweverEPA832-R-93-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, even when biosolids are not accepted in agriculture or by local industriesWashington, they can still be useful for municipal projects and can actually provide significant savings to public projects (eD.gC. mine reclamation). Depending on the source of the faecal sludge and on the treatment method, biosolids can be treated to a level where they are generally safe and without significant odour or vector problemsUS.
==Maintenance==* WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
Spreading equipment must be maintained to ensure continued use* [http://www. The amount who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and rate of biosolid application should be monitored to prevent overloading -health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and thus, the potential for nutrient pollution.health - 2018]
===Acknowledgements===
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==References and external links==
* U.S. EPA (1999). Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.epa.gov
* U.S. EPA (1994). A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, EPA832-R-93-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.epa.gov