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'''Compost is the soil-like substance resulting from the controlled aerobic degradation of organics. Pit humus is the term used to describe the material removed from a double pit technology (S.4, S.5 or S.6) because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different composition than compost. Both products can be used as soil conditioners.'''
The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80 °C) which kills the majority of pathogens present. The composting process requires adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double VIP ]] (S.4), [[Fossa Alterna|Fossa Alterna ]] (S.5) or [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush|Twin Pits for Pour Flush ]] (S.6) are ambient-temperature variations of high-temperature composting. In these technologies, there is almost no increase in temperature because the conditions in the pit (oxygen, moisture, C:N ratio) are not optimized for composting processes to take place. Because of this, the material is not actually ‘compost’ and is, therefore, referred to as ‘pit humus’. The texture and quality of the pit humus depends on the materials which have been added to the excreta (e.g., soil added to a Fossa Alterna) and the storage conditions.
WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture stipulate that compost should achieve and maintain a temperature of 50 °C for at least one week before it is considered safe to use. Achieving this value, however, requires a significantly longer period of composting. For technologies that generate pit humus, a minimum of 1 year of storage is recommended to eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoa. WHO guidelines should be consulted for detailed
===Manuals, videos, and links===
* General information about Compost as soil conditioner [http://www.ecosanres.org www.ecosanres.org]
* [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
===References===
* Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C. (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Concord, MA, US.(Book)
* Jenkins, J. (2005). [http://skrconline.net/content/images/stories/documents/Humanure_Handbook_all.pdf The Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure]. 3rd Ed. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, US.
* Morgan, P. R. (2004). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences]. Aquamor, Harare, ZW.:Available at: [http://www.ecosanres.org ecosanres.org]
* Morgan, P. R. (2007). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/195 Toilets That Make Compost. Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE. pp. 81-90.:Available at: [http://www.ecosanres.org ecosanres.org]
* Morgan, P. R. (2009). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and Upgrade from Arborloo to VIP]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.:Available at: [http://www.ecosanres.org ecosanres.org]
* NWP (2006). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of Innovative, Low-Cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products]. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, NL.:Available at: [http://www.ircwash.org ircwash.org]
* Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM):Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]
* WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.:Available at: [http://www.who.int who.int]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}