<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top box|english_link=Application of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, Pit Humus and inputCompost|french_link=Application_du_Compost_(Eco-output tables -->Humus)|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Composta/EcoHumus|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys2=[[ Pour Flush Pit System without Sludge Production|3]]|
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pic=Application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|
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Input1=Compost/EcoHumus |Input2= Pit Humus |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:Compost_as_soil_conditioner.PNG|thumb|right|150px|[['''Compost as is the soil conditioner |Compost as soil conditioner]], in Malawi -like substance resulting from the controlled aerobic degradation of organics. Pit humus is the term used to describe the material removed from a double pit technology (for creditsS.4, click the pictureS.5 or S.6)]]because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different composition than compost. Both products can be used as soil conditioners.'''
'''Composting is the term used The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to describe 80 °C) which kills the controlled aerobic degradation majority of organics into a soilpathogens present. The composting process requires adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double VIP]] (S.4), [[Fossa Alterna|Fossa Alterna]] (S.5) or [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush|Twin Pits for Pour Flush]] (S.6) are ambient-temperature variations of high-like substance called composttemperature composting. ‘EcoHumus’ In these technologies, there is a term taken from Peter Morgan almost no increase in temperature because the conditions in the pit (see referencesoxygen, moisture, C:N ratio) are not optimized for composting processes to take place. Because of this, the material is not actually ‘compost’ and is a more appropriate word , therefore, referred to as ‘pit humus’. The texture and quality of the pit humus depends on the materials which have been added to use for the material removed from excreta (e.g., soil added to a Fossa Alterna because it is produced passively underground ) and has a slightly different compositionthe storage conditions.'''
The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80°C) which kills the majority of pathogens present. For the composting process to occur there must be adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Fossa Alterna]] and [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Arborloo]] are ambient temperature variations of high-temperature composting. In these technologies, there is almost no temperature rise because vegetable matter is lacking. For that reason, the end material is not actually ‘compost’ and is therefore referred to as ‘EcoHumus’. The WHO guidelines state on excreta use in agriculture stipulate that the compost should achieve and maintain a temperature of 50°C 50 °C for at least one week before it is considered safe (although to achieve use. Achieving this value, however, requires a significantly longer period of composting is required). The WHO guidelines should be consulted for detailed information. For systems technologies that generate EcoHumus in-situ (i.e. Fossa Alterna)pit humus, a minimum of 1 year of storage is recommended to eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoa.WHO guidelines should be consulted for detailed Compost/EcoHumus can be used beneficially to improve the quality of soils by adding nutrients and organics and improving the soil’s ability to store air and water. The texture and quality of the EcoHumus depends on the materials, which have been added to the excreta (especially the type of soil)information.
===Design Considerations===
It has been shown that the productivity of poor soil can be improved by applying equal parts compost and topsoil to it. The output from
one Fossa Alterna should be sufficient for two 1.5 m by 3.5 m beds.
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers <br>- May encourage income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants). <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. <br> - Simple technique for all users. <br> - Low cost. costs | con=- Requires May require a year or more of maturation. <br> - Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K).Social acceptance may be low in some areas <br>
}}
===Appropriateness===
Compost and pit humus can be beneficially used to improve the quality of soil. They add nutrients and organics and improve the soil’s ability to store air and water. They can be mixed into the soil before crops are planted, used to start seedlings or indoor plants, or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for further treatment. Vegetable gardens filled with pit humus from the Fossa Alterna have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted without soil conditioner. The use of pit humus has even made agriculture possible in areas which otherwise would not have supported crops.
==Adequacy=Health Aspects/Acceptance=== A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but, if in doubt, any material removed from the pit or vault can be further composted in a regular compost heap before being used or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i.e., a nutrient-filled pit used for planting a tree. Compost and pit humus should not be applied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. This waiting period is especially important for crops that are consumed raw. As opposed to sludge, which can originate from a variety of domestic, chemical and industrial sources, compost and pit humus have very few chemical inputs. The only chemical sources that could contaminate compost or pit humus might originate from contaminated organic material (e.g., pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (e.g., pharmaceutical residues).
Compost/EcoHumus Compared to the chemicals that may find their way into wastewater sludge, compost and pit humus can be mixed into the soil before crops considered as less contaminated. Compost and pit humus are plantedinoffensive, earth-like products. Regardless, used to start seedlings or indoor plants or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for further treatmentpeople might refrain from handling and using them. Conducting demonstration activities that promote hands-on experience can effectively show their non-offensive nature and their beneficial use.
For poor soils, equal parts of compost and top soil have shown to improve productivity. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The output from one Fossa Alterna should material must be sufficient for two 1.5m by 3.5m beds. Vegetable gardens filled with the Eco- Humus allowed to adequately mature before being removed from the Fossa Alterna have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted system. Then, it can be used without compost, and has even made agriculture possible in areas which would have not otherwise supported cropsfurthertreatment. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance=Field experiences===
A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but if in doubt, any material removed from the pit can be composted further in a regular compost heap, or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.epng|center|60px|link=http://akvo. a nutrientorg/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-filled pit used for planting a treealign: bottom"|[[Image:project 464.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/464/ RSR Project 464]<br>Dutch WASH Alliance in Hararghe & Dire Dawa</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/464/]] |}
As opposed to sludge, which originates from a variety domestic, chemical and industrial sources, compost has very few chemical inputs. The only chemical sources that could contaminate compost might originate from contaminated organic material (e.g. pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (e.g. medication). Compared to the cleaning, pharmaceutical and processing chemicals that may find their way into sludge, compost can be considered as a less contaminated product.<br>
Acceptability may be low at first===Manuals, videos, but demonstration units and hands-on experience are effective ways of demonstrating the non-offensive nature of the materiallinks===* General information about Compost as soil conditioner [http://www.ecosanres.org www.ecosanres.org]
==Maintenance==* [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
===References===* Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C. (1999). The material must be allowed Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to mature adequately before it is removed from the system Choosing, Planning and then it can be used without further treatmentMaintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Concord, MA, US.(Book)
* Jenkins, J. (2005). [http://skrconline.net/content/images/stories/documents/Humanure_Handbook_all.pdf The Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure]. 3rd Ed. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, US.
==References==* Morgan, P. R. (2004). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences]. Aquamor, Harare, ZW.
* Elizabeth Tilley etMorgan, P. R.al (20082007). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationenorg/publications_sespen/downloads_sespknowledge-hub/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems resources-and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation-publications/abteilungenlibrary/sandecdetails/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low195 Toilets That Make Compost.pdf low res versionLow-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandecStockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)pp. (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems81-90.)
* Del PortoMorgan, DP. and Steinfeld, CR. (19992009). The Composting Toilet System Book[https://www.susana. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative Upgrade from Arborloo to Sewer and Septic SystemsVIP]. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP)Stockholm Environment Institute, MassachusettsStockholm, USASE.
* Jenkins, J. NWP (19992006). The Humanure Handbook[https: a Guide to Composting Human Manure//www. (2nd edsusana.)org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/989 Smart Sanitation Solutions. Jenkins PublishingExamples of Innovative, Low-Cost Technologies for Toilets, Grove CityCollection, PaTransportation, USATreatment and Use of Sanitation Products]. Available: http://www.jenkinspublishingNetherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, NL.com
* MorganStrande, PL., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (2004Eds.) (2014). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa[https: A Compilation of Experiences//www. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwesusana. Available: http:org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/www3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation].ecosanresIWA Publishing, London, UK.org(Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
* Morgan, P. WHO (20072006). Toilets that make compost[https://www.who. Stockholm Environment Instituteint/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Stockholm, SwedenExcreta and Greywater. pp 81–90. Available: httpVolume 4://wwwExcreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture].ecosanresWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH.org
* NWP (2006). Smart ===Acknowledgements==={{:Acknowledgements Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Netherlands. pp 49.}}